“A”
see Arnold, Matthew
“A.B.”
see Pinto, Isaac
AALTO, HUGO ALVAR HENRIK (1898-1976), Finnish architect, designer, and town planner 1 1-2
AARON, HENRY LOUIS (Hank; born 1934), American baseball player 1 2-3
ABACHA, SANI (1943-1998), Nigerian military leader 35 1-3
ABAKANOWICZ, MAGDALENA (Marta Abakanowicz-Kosmowski; born 1930), Polish sculptor 25 1-3
Abarbanel
see Abravanel
ABBA ARIKA (c. 175-c. 247), Babylonian rabbi 1 3-4
ABBADO, CLAUDIO (1933-2014), Italian conductor 36 1-3
ABBAS I (1571-1629), Safavid shah of Persia 1588-1629 1 4-6
ABBAS, FERHAT (1899-1985), Algerian statesman 1 6-7
ABBAS, MAHMOUD (Abu Masen; born 1935), Palestinian statesman 27 1-3
Abbas the Great
see Abbas I
Abbé Sieyès
see Sieyès, Comte Emmanuel Joseph
ABBEY, EDWARD (Edward Paul Abbey; 1927-1989), American author and environmental activist 27 3-5
ABBOTT, BERENICE (1898-1991), American artist and photographer 1 7-9
Abbott, Bud
see Abbott and Costello
ABBOTT, DIANE JULIE (born 1953), British politician and journalist 26 1-3
ABBOTT, EDITH (1876-1957), American social reformer, educator, and author 26 3-5
ABBOTT, GRACE (1878-1939), American social worker and agency administrator 1 9-10
ABBOTT, LYMAN (1835-1922), American Congregationalist clergyman, author, and editor 1 10-11
ABBOTT, MAUDE (1869-1940), Canadian physician 36 3-5
ABBOTT AND COSTELLO (Bud Abbott; 1895-1974, and Lou Costello; 1908-1959), American comedic acting team 32 1-4
ABBOUD, EL FERIK IBRAHIM (1900-1983), Sudanese general, prime minister, 1958-1964 1 11-12
ABD AL-MALIK (646-705), Umayyad caliph 685-705 1 12-13
ABD AL-MUMIN (c. 1094-1163), Almohad caliph 1133-1163 1 13
ABD AL-RAHMAN I (731-788), Umayyad emir in Spain 756-788 1 13-14
ABD AL-RAHMAN III (891-961), Umayyad caliph of Spain 1 14
Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun
see Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad
ABD AL-WAHHAB, MUHAMMAD IBN (Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahab; 1702-1703-1791-1792), Saudi religious leader 27 5-7
ABD EL-KADIR (1807-1883), Algerian political and religious leader 1 15
ABD EL-KRIM EL-KHATABI, MOHAMED BEN (c. 1882-1963), Moroccan Berber leader 1 15-16
Abdallah ben Yassin
see Abdullah ibn Yasin
ABDELLAH, FAYE GLENN (born 1919), American nurse 24 1-3
Abdu-I-Malik
see Abd al-Malik
ABDUH IBN HASAN KHAYR ALLAH, MUHAMMAD (1849-1905), Egyptian nationalist and theologian 1 16-17
ABDUL-BAHA (Abbas Effendi; 1844-1921), Persian leader of the Baha'i Muslim sect 22 3-5
ABDUL-HAMID II (1842-1918), Ottoman sultan 1876-1909 1 17-18
ABDUL RAHMAN, TUNKU (1903-1990), prime minister of Malaysia 18 340-341
Abdul the Damned
see Abdul-Hamid II
ABDULLAH II (Abdullah bin al Hussein II; born 1962), king of Jordan 22 5-7
ABDULLAH, MOHAMMAD (Lion of Kashmir; 1905-1982), Indian political leader who worked for an independent Kashmir 22 7-9
'ABDULLAH AL-SALIM AL-SABAH, SHAYKH (1895-1965), Amir of Kuwait (1950-1965) 1 18-19
ABDULLAH IBN HUSEIN (1882-1951), king of Jordan 1949-1951, of Transjordan 1946-49 1 19-20
ABDULLAH IBN YASIN (died 1059), North African founder of the Almoravid movement 1 20
ABE, KOBO (born Kimifusa Abe; also transliterated as Abe Kobo; 1924-1993), Japanese writer, theater director, photographer 1 20-22
ABE, SHINZO (born 1954), Japanese prime minister 28 1-3
ABEL, FREDERICK (1827-1902), English chemist 35 3-4
ABEL, IORWITH WILBER (1908-1987), United States labor organizer 1 22-23
ABEL, NIELS (1802-1829), Norwegian mathematician 20 1-2
ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142), French philosopher and theologian 1 23-25
ABERCROMBY, RALPH (1734-1801), British military leader 20 2-4
ABERDEEN, 4TH EARL OF (George Hamilton Gordon; 1784-1860), British statesman, prime minister 1852-1855 1 25-26
ABERHART, WILLIAM (1878-1943), Canadian statesman and educator 1 26-27
ABERNATHY, RALPH DAVID (1926-1990), United States minister and civil rights leader 1 27-28
ABIOLA, MOSHOOD (1937-1998), Nigerian politician, philanthropist, and businessman 19 1-3
Abolitionists, Cuban
Gómez de Avellaneda, Gertrudis 38 117-119
ABRAHAM (Abraham of the Chaldrrs; Father Abraham; c. 1996-c. 1821 BCE), considered the “father of the world's three largest monotheistic religions” 23 1-3
ABRAHAM, KARL (1877-1925), German psychoanalyst 36 5-7
ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL (1858-1925), British scholar 1 29
ABRAMOVIĆ, MARINA (born 1946), Serbian artist 33 1-3
ABRAMOVITZ, MAX (1908-2004), American architect 18 1-3
ABRAMS, CREIGHTON W. (1914-1974), United States Army commander in World War II and Vietnam 1 29-31
ABRAVANEL, ISAAC BEN JUDAH (1437-1508), Jewish philosopher and statesman 1 31
Abreha
see Ezana
Absolute monarchy
see Monarchy, absolute (government)
ABU AL-ABBAS AS-SAFFAH (c. 722-754), Abbasid caliph 750-754 35 4-6
ABU BAKR (c. 573-634), Moslem leader, first caliph of Islam 1 31-32
ABU HANIFAH (699-767), Moslem legal scholar 35 6-8
ABU-L-ALA AL-MAARRI (973-1058), Arab poet and philosopher 1 32
ABU MUSA (born Said Musa Maragha; c. 1930-2013), a leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization 1 32-33
ABU NUWAS (al-Hasan ibn-Hani; c. 756-813), Arab poet 1 33-34
Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Adi
see Yahya Ibn Adi
Abubacer
see Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad
ABUL FAZL (1551-1602), Indo-Persian historian 35 8-9
ABULAFIA, ABRAHAM (1240-1290), Jewish philosopher and mystic 36 7-9
ABZUG, BELLA STAVISKY (1920-1998), lawyer, politician, and congresswoman 1 34-35
Accident victims
Gage, Phineas 38 103-105
Aceh Sultanate
Cut Nyak Dhien 38 70-71
Keumalahayati 38 177-179
ACEVEDO DIAZ, EDUARDO (1851-1924), Uruguayan author and activist 24 3-4
Achad Haam
see Ahad Haam
ACHEBE, CHINUA (1930-2013), Nigerian novelist 1 35-37
ACHESON, DEAN GOODERHAM (1893-1971), American statesman 1 37-38
ACKERMAN, FORREST J (1916-2008), American editor and archivist 32 4-6
ACLU
see American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Activists
Bangladeshi
Nasrin, Taslima 38 266-268
Brazilian
Villas-Bôas brothers 38 351-353
British
Hobhouse, Emily 38 142-144
English
Jebb, Eglantyne 38 161-163
Grenadian
Marryshow, Theophilus Albert 38 233-234
Indian
Pandita Ramabai 38 283-285
Pakistani
Edhi, Abdul Sattar 38 82-84
South African
Kathrada, Ahmed 38 175-177
Activists, American
right-wing
LaRouche, Lyndon 38 197-200
ACTON, JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG (1834-1902), English historian and philosopher 1 38
Actors and entertainers, American
circuses
General Tom Thumb 38 110-112
dancers
Sims, Sandman 38 325-327
film actors
Autry, Gene 38 14-16
Brynner, Yul 38 42-44
Heston, Charlton 38 134-136
Ladd, Alan 38 195-197
Reynolds, Debbie 38 307-309
Wilder, Gene 38 359-361
radio
Autry, Gene 38 14-16
singers
Autry, Gene 38 14-16
stage performers
Brynner, Yul 38 42-44
television
Autry, Gene 38 14-16
Connors, Chuck 38 59-61
vaudeville
Sims, Sandman 38 325-327
Actors and entertainers, European
THE CONTINENT
actors
Kinski, Klaus 38 182-184
circus performers
Zacchini, Hugo 38 370-372
filmmakers/directors
Leone, Sergio 38 209-211
stage performers
Pujol, Joseph 38 297-299
ADAM, JAMES (1730-1794), Scottish architect 1 38-40
ADAM, ROBERT (1728-1792), Scottish architect 1 38-40
ADAM, WILLIAM (1689-1748), Scottish architect 36 9-11
ADAMS, ABIGAIL (Abigail Smith; 1744-1818), American first lady 18 3-7
ADAMS, ANSEL (1902-1984), landscape photographer and conservationist 1 40-41
Adams, Brooks
see Adams, Peter Chardon Brooks
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886), American diplomat and politician 1 41-42
ADAMS, EDDIE (Edward Thomas Adams; 1933-2004), American photojournalist 25 3-5
ADAMS, GERALD (born 1948), president of the Sinn Fein Irish political party 1 42-44
ADAMS, HANK (born 1944), Native American activist 1 45
ADAMS, HANNAH (1755-1831), American writer 37 1-3
ADAMS, HENRY BROOKS (1838-1918), American historian and author 1 45-47
ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850-1901), American historian and teacher 1 47
ADAMS, JAMES LUTHER (1901-1994), American social ethicist, theologian, and defender of religious and political liberalism 1 47-48
ADAMS, JOHN (1735-1826), American statesman and diplomat, president 1797-1801 1 48-51
ADAMS, JOHN COUCH (1819-1892), English mathematical astronomer 1 51-52
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848), American statesman and diplomat, president 1825-1829 1 52-54
ADAMS, LOUISA (born Louisa Catherine Johnson; 1775-1852), American first lady 32 6-8
ADAMS, MAUDE (1872-1953), American actress 36 11-12
ADAMS, PETER CHARDON BROOKS (1848-1927), American historian 1 54
ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803), American colonial leader and propagandist 1 55-56
ADAMSON, JOY (Friederike Victoria Gessner; 1910-1980), Austrian naturalist and painter 18 7-9
ADDAMS, JANE (1860-1935), American social worker, reformer, and pacifist 1 56-57
Addis Ababa, Duke of
see Badoglio, Pietro
ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719), English essayist and politician 1 57-58
ADDISON, THOMAS (1793-1860), English physician 1 58-59
ADELHEID, ST. (931-999), Holy Roman Empress and saint 35 9-11
ADENAUER, KONRAD (1876-1967), German statesman, chancellor of the Federal Republic 1949-1963 1 59-61
ADICHIE, CHIMAMANDA (born 1977), Nigerian author 36 12-14
ADLER, ALFRED (1870-1937), Austrian psychiatrist 1 61-63
ADLER, FELIX (1851-1933), American educator and Ethical Culture leader 1 63-64
ADLER, GUIDO (1855-1941), Austrian musicologist 35 12-13
ADLER, LARRY (Lawrence Cecil Adler; 1914-2001), American harmonica player 26 5-7
ADLER, MORTIMER JEROME (1902-2001), American philosopher and educator 22 9-11
ADLER, RENATA (born 1938), American author 26 8-9
ADLER, ROBERT (1913-2007), American physicist and inventor 36 14-16
ADLER, STELLA (1901-1992), American acting teacher 34 1-3
Adolphe I
see Thiers, Adolphe
ADONIS ('Ali Ahmad Said; born 1930), Lebanese poet 1 64-65
ADORNO, THEODOR W. (1903-1969), German philosopher and leader of the Frankfurt School 1 65-67
ADRIAN, EDGAR DOUGLAS (1st Baron Adrian of Cambridge; 1889-1977), English neurophysiologist 1 67-69
Adventurers
Fawcett, Percy 38 92-95
ADZHUBEI, ALEKSEI IVANOVICH (1924-1993), Russian journalist and editor 18 9-11
AELFRIC (955-c. 1012), Anglo-Saxon monk, scholar, and writer 1 69-70
Aerodynamics (physics)
Cayley, George 38 51-53
Aeronautics (science)
engineers
Cayley, George 38 51-53
Hickam, Homer 38 136-138
AEROSMITH (began 1969), American rock band 24 4-7
AERTSEN, PIETER (c. 1508-c. 1575), Flemish painter 36 16-18
AESCHYLUS (524-456 BCE), Greek playwright 1 70-72
AESOP (c. 620-c. 560 BCE), Greek fabulist 24 7-8
Aethelred the Unready
see Ethelred the Unready
AFFANDI (1907-1990), Indonesian artist 38 1-3
AFFONSO I (c. 1460-1545), king of Kongo 1 72
AFINOGENOV, ALEKSANDR NIKOLAEVICH (1904-1941), Russian dramatist 1 72-73
'AFLAQ, MICHEL (1910-1989), Syrian founder and spiritual leader of the Ba'th party 1 73-74
African American art
see African American history
African American history
SIXTIES AND 'SEVENTIES
civil rights leaders
Loving, Richard 38 218-220
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
literature (20th century)
McKissack, Patricia and Fredrick 38 234-236
African Americans
see African American history (United States)
African National Congress (ANC)
Kathrada, Ahmed 38 175-177
Africanus, Leo
see Leo Africanus
AGA KHAN (title), chief commander of Moslem Nizari Ismailis 1 74-76
AGAOGLU, ADALET (Adalet Agoglu; born 1929), Turkish playwright, author, and human rights activist 22 11-13
AGASSIZ, JEAN LOUIS RODOLPHE (1807-1873), Swiss-American naturalist and anatomist 1 76-78
AGEE, JAMES (1909-1955), American poet, journalist, novelist, and screenwriter 1 78-79
AGESILAUS II (c. 444-360 BCE), king of Sparta circa 399-360 B.C. 1 79-80
AGHAMOHAMMADKHAN (c. 1742-1797), shah of Persia 1 80-81
AGIS IV (c. 262-241 BCE), king of Sparta 1 81-82
AGNELLI, GIOVANNI (1920-2003), Italian industrialist 1 82-83
AGNES (c. 292-c. 304), Italian Christian martyr 24 8-10
AGNESI, MARIA (1718-1799), Italian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher 20 4-5
AGNEW, DAVID HAYES (1818-1892), American physician 28 3-5
AGNEW, HAROLD MELVIN (1921-2013), American physicist 32 8-10
AGNEW, SPIRO THEODORE (1918-1996), Republican United States vice president under Richard Nixon 1 83-85
AGNODICE (born c. 300 BCE), Greek physician 20 5-5
AGNON, SHMUEL YOSEPH (1888-1970), author 1 85-86
AGOSTINO DI DUCCIO (1418-c. 1481), Italian sculptor 1 86
Agricola
see Crèvecoeur, St. J.
AGRICOLA, GEORGIUS (1494-1555), German mineralogist and writer 1 86-87
AGRIPPINA THE YOUNGER (Julia Agrippina; 15-59), wife of Claudius I, Emperor of Rome, and mother of Nero 20 5-8
AGUINALDO, EMILIO (1869-1964), Philippine revolutionary leader 1 88
Aguirre, the Wrath of God (film)
Kinski, Klaus 38 182-184
Agustin I
see Iturbide, Augustin de
AHAD HAAM (pseudonym of Asher T. Ginsberg, 1856-1927), Russian-born author 1 88-89
AHERN, BERTIE (Bartholomew Ahern; born 1951), Irish Prime Minister 18 11-13
AHIDJO, AHMADOU (1924-1989), first president of the Federal Republic of Cameroon 1 89-90
AHMADINEJAD, MAHMOUD (Mahmoud Ahmadi Nejad; born 1956), Iranian politician 27 7-10
AI QING (1910-1996), Chinese poet 34 3-4
AI WEIWEI (born 1957), Chinese artist and activist 33 3-5
AICHER, OTL (1922-1991), German graphic designer 34 4-6
AIDOO, AMA ATA (Christina Ama Aidoo; born 1942), Ghanaian writer and educator 20 8-10
AIKEN, CONRAD (1889-1973), American poet, essayist, novelist, and critic 1 90-91
AIKEN, HOWARD (1900-1973), American physicist, computer scientist, and inventor 20 10-12
AILES, ROGER (1940-2017), American executive 38 3-5
AILEY, ALVIN (1931-1989), African American dancer and choreographer 1 91-94
AILLY, PIERRE D' (1350-1420), French scholar and cardinal 1 94
Aircraft (aeronautics)
development
Cayley, George 38 51-53
AISHA (c. 614-678), wife of Mohammed 36 18-21
Aisne, Second Battle of the (1917)
Nivelle, Robert 38 271-273
AITKEN, WILLIAM MAXWELL (Lord Beaverbrook; 1879-1964), Canadian businessman and politician 1 94-96
AKBAR, JALAL-UD-DIN MOHAMMED (1542-1605), Mogul emperor of India 1556-1605 1 96
AKHENATEN (Amenhotep IV; c. 1385-c. 1350 BCE), Egyptian pharaoh and religious leader 25 5-7
AKHMATOVA, ANNA (pseudonym of Anna A. Gorenko, 1889-1966), Russian poet 1 96-97
AKIBA BEN JOSEPH (c. 50-c. 135), Palestinian founder of rabbinic Judaism 1 97-98
AKIHITO (born 1933), 125th emperor of Japan 1 98-99
AKINTOLA, SAMUEL (1910-1966), Nigerian politician 35 13-16
AKIYOSHI, TOSHIKO (born 1929), Japanese musician 24 10-12
AKUTAGAWA, RYUNOSUKE (Ryunosuke Niihara; 1892-1927), Japanese author 22 13-14
AL-ABDULLAH, RANIA (Rania al-Yasin; born 1970),QueenRania of Jordan 25 8-10
AL AQQAD, ABBAS MAHMOUD (Abbas Mahmud al Aqqad; 1889-1964), Egyptian author 24 25-27
AL-BANNA, HASSAN (1906-1949), Egyptian religious leader and founder of the Muslim Brotherhood 1 104-106
AL-BATTANI (Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al Harrani al-Sabi al-Battani; c. 858-929), Arab astronomer and mathematician 25 10-12
Al-Fihri, Fatima
see Fatima al-Fihri
Al-Hasan al-Wazzan
see Leo Africanus
AL-KASHI (Ghiyath al-Din JamshidMas'udAl-Kashi; 1380-1429), Iranian mathematician and astronomer 26 12-13
AL-SHUKAIRY, AHMAD (1908-1980), Lebanese diplomat and Arab nationalist 25 20-21
ALA-UD-DIN (died 1316), Khalji sultan of Delhi 1 102-103
ALAMÁN, LUCAS (1792-1853), Mexican statesman 1 99-100
Alamein, 1st Viscount Montgomery of
see Montgomery, Bernard Law
ALARCÓN, PEDRO ANTONIO DE (1833-1891), Spanish writer and politician 1 100-101
ALARCÓN Y MENDOZA, JUAN RUIZ DE (c. 1581-1639), Spanish playwright 1 101
ALARIC (c. 370-410), Visigothic leader 1 101-102
Alau
see Hulagu Khan
ALAUNGPAYA (1715-1760), king of Burma 1752-1760 1 103
ALBA, DUKE OF (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo; 1507-1582), Spanish general and statesman 1 103-104
Albategnius
see Battani, al-
ALBEE, EDWARD FRANKLIN, III (1928-2016), American playwright 1 106-108
Albemarle, Duke of
see Monck, George
ALBÉNIZ, ISAAC (1860-1909), Spanish composer and pianist 1 108-109
ALBERDI, JUAN BAUTISTA (1810-1884), Argentine political theorist 1 109-110
ALBERONI, GIULIO (1664-1752), Spanish cardinal and statesman 35 16-17
ALBERS, JOSEF (1888-1976), American artist and art and design teacher 1 110
ALBERT (1819-1861), Prince Consort of Great Britain 1 110-112
ALBERT I (1875-1934), king of the Belgians 1909-1934 1 112
Albert II, (1397-1439), king of Hungary and Croatia 1437-1439; king of Bohemia and king-elect of Germany 1438-1439
Kottanner, Helene 38 188-190
ALBERT II (born 1934), sixth king of the Belgians 1 112-113
Albert the Great
see Albertus Magnus, St.
ALBERTI, LEON BATTISTA (1404-1472), Italian writer, humanist, and architect 1 113-115
ALBERTI, RAFAEL (1902-1999), Spanish poet and painter 18 13-15
ALBERTUS MAGNUS, ST. (c. 1193-1280), German philosopher and theologian 1 115-116
ALBRIGHT, MADELEINE KORBEL (born 1937), United States secretary of state 1 116-118
ALBRIGHT, TENLEY EMMA (born 1935), American figure skater 23 3-6
ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM (1891-1971), American archaeologist 21 1-3
ALBUQUERQUE, AFONSO DE (c. 1460-1515), Portuguese viceroy to India 1 118-119
Alcántara, Pedro de
see Pedro II
ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 BCE), Athenian general and politician 1 119-120
ALCORN, JAMES LUSK (1816-1894), American lawyer and politician 1 120-121
ALCOTT, AMOS BRONSON (1799-1888), American educator 1 121
ALCOTT, LOUISA MAY (1832-1888), American author and reformer 1 122
ALCUIN OF YORK (c. 730-804), English educator, statesman, and liturgist 1 122-123
ALDER, KURT (1902-1958), German chemist 36 21-23
ALDINGTON, RICHARD (1892-1962), English poet and novelist 35 18-19
ALDRICH, NELSON WILMARTH (1841-1915), American statesman and financier 1 123-124
Aldrin, Buzz
see Aldrin, Edwin Eugene, Jr.
ALDRIN, EDWIN EUGENE, JR. (Buzz Aldrin; born 1930), American astronaut 18 15-17
ALDUS MANUTIUS (Teobaldo Manuzio; c. 1450-1515), Italian scholar and printer 21 3-5
ALEICHEM, SHOLOM (Sholom Rabinowitz; 1859-1916), writer of literature relating to Russian Jews 1 124-125
ALEIJADINHO, O (Antônio Francisco Lisbôa; 1738-1814), Brazilian architect and sculptor 1 125-126
ALEMÁN, MATEO (1547-c. 1615), Spanish novelist 1 126
ALEMÁN VALDÉS, MIGUEL (1902-1983), Mexican statesman, president 1946-1952 1 126-127
ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND D' (1717-1783), French mathematician and physicist 1 127-128
ALESSANDRI PALMA, ARTURO (1868-1950), Chilean statesman, president 1920-1925 and 1932-1938 1 128-129
ALESSANDRI RODRIGUEZ, JORGE (1896-1986), Chilean statesman, president 1958-1964 1 129-130
ALEXANDER I (1777-1825), czar of Russia 1801-1825 1 130-132
Alexander I, king of Yugoslavia
see Alexander of Yugoslavia
ALEXANDER II (1818-1881), czar of Russia 1855-1881 1 132-133
ALEXANDER III (Orlando Bandinelli; c. 1100-1181), Italian pope 1159-1181 24 12-14
ALEXANDER III (1845-1894), emperor of Russia 1881-1894 1 133-134
Alexander III, king of Macedon
see Alexander the Great
ALEXANDER VI (Rodrigo Borgia; 1431-1503), pope 1492-1503 1 134-135
ALEXANDER VII (Fabio Chigi; 1599-1667), Roman Catholic pope 25 12-13
ALEXANDER, ARTHUR (1940-1993), American singer and songwriter 37 7-9
ALEXANDER, FRANZ (1891-1964), Hungarian-American psychoanalyst 35 19-21
ALEXANDER, JANE (nee Jane Quigley; born 1939), American actress 26 9-12
ALEXANDER, SADIE TANNER MOSSELL (1898-1989), African American lawyer 25 13-15
ALEXANDER, SAMUEL (1859-1938), British philosopher 1 141
Alexander Karageorgevich (1888-1934)
see Alexander of Yugoslavia
Alexander Nevsky
see Nevsky, Alexander
ALEXANDER OF TUNIS, 1ST EARL (Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander; born 1891), British field marshal 1 135-136
ALEXANDER OF YUGOSLAVIA (1888-1934), king of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 1921-1929 and of Yugoslavia, 1929-1934 1 136-137
ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356-323 BCE), king of Macedon 1 137-141
Alexeyev, Constantin Sergeyevich
see Stanislavsky, Constantin
ALEXIE, SHERMAN (born 1966), Native American writer, poet, and translator 1 141-142
ALEXIS MIKHAILOVICH ROMANOV (1629-1676), czar of Russia 1645-1676 1 142-143
Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilyevich 38 115-117
ALEXIUS I (c. 1048-1118), Byzantine emperor 1081-1118 1 143-144
ALFARO, JOSÉ ELOY (1842-1912), Ecuadorian revolutionary, president 1895-1901 and 1906-1911 1 144-145
ALFIERI, CONTE VITTORIA (1749-1803), Italian playwright 1 145-146
ALFONSÍN, RAÚL RICARDO (1927-2009), politician and president of Argentina (1983-1989) 1 146-148
ALFONSO I (Henriques; c. 1109-1185), king of Portugal 1139-1185 1 148
Alfonso I, king of Castile
see Alfonso VI, king of León
ALFONSO III (1210-1279), king of Portugal 1248-1279 1 148-149
ALFONSO VI (1040-1109), king of León, 1065-1109, and of Castile, 1072-1109 1 149
ALFONSO X (1221-1284), king of Castile and León 1252-1284 1 150-151
ALFONSO XIII (1886-1941), king of Spain 1886-1931 1 151
Alfonso the Wise
see Alfonso X, king of Castile and León
ALFRED (849-899), Anglo-Saxon king of Wessex 871-899 1 151-153
Alfred the Great
see Alfred, king of Wessex
Algazel
see Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad al-
ALGER, HORATIO (1832-1899), American author 1 153-154
ALGREN, NELSON (Abraham; 1909-1981), American author 1 154-155
Alhazen
see Hassan ibn al-Haytham
ALI (c. 600-661), fourth caliph of the Islamic Empire 1 155-156
ALI, AHMED (1908-1998), Pakistani scholar, poet, author, and diplomat 22 16-18
Ali, Haidar
see Haidar Ali
ALI, MUHAMMAD (Cassius Clay; 1942-2016), American boxer 1 156-158
ALI, MUSTAFA (1541-1600), Turkish historian and politician 31 1-2
ALI, SUNNI (died 1492), king of Gao, founder of the Songhay empire 1 158-159
Ali Ber
see Ali, Sunni
Ali Shah (died 1885)
see Aga Khan II
Ali the Great
see Ali, Sunni
ALIA, RAMIZ (1925-2011), president of Albania (1985-1991) 1 159
ALINSKY, SAUL DAVID (1909-1972), U.S. organizer of neighborhood citizen reform groups 1 161-162
Alizarin (dye)
Robiquet, Pierre Jean 38 312-314
ALLAL AL-FASSI, MOHAMED (1910-1974), Moroccan nationalist leader 1 162
ALLAN, HUGH (1810-1882), Canadian financier 35 22-24
ALLAWI, IYAD (born 1945), Iraqi prime minister 25 15-17
Allegri, Antonio
see Correggio
ALLEN, ELSIE (Elsie Comanche Allen; 1899-1990), Native American weaver and educator 27 10-11
ALLEN, ETHAN (1738-1789), American Revolutionary War soldier 1 163-164
ALLEN, FLORENCE ELLINWOOD (1884-1966), American lawyer, judge, and women's rights activist 1 164-165
ALLEN, GRACIE (1906-1964), American actress and comedian 22 18-20
ALLEN, MEL (1913-1996), American broadcaster 32 10-12
ALLEN, PAUL (Paul Gardner Allen; born 1953), American entrepreneur and philanthropist 25 17-19
ALLEN, PAULA GUNN (1939-2008), Native American writer, poet, literary critic; women's rights, environmental, and antiwar activist 1 165-167
ALLEN, RICHARD (1760-1831), African American bishop 1 168
ALLEN, SARAH (Sarah Bass Allen; 1764-1849), African American missionary 27 12-13
ALLEN, STEVE (1921-2000), American comedian, author, and composer 22 20-22
ALLEN, WOODY (born Allen Stewart Konigsberg; b. 1935), American actor, director, filmmaker, author, comedian 1 169-171
Arkoff, Samuel Z. 38 10-12
ALLENBY, EDMUND HENRY HYNMAN (1861-1936), English field marshal 1 171-172
ALLENDE, ISABEL (born 1942), Chilean novelist, journalist, dramatist 1 172-174
ALLENDE GOSSENS, SALVADOR (1908-1973), socialist president of Chile (1970-1973) 1 174-176
ALLEY, ALPHONSE (1930-1987), Dahomean statesman 35 24-25
Alleyne, Ellen
see Rossetti, Christina Georgina
ALLSTON, WASHINGTON (1779-1843), American painter 1 176-177
ALMAGRO, DIEGO DE (c. 1474-1538), Spanish conquistador and explorer 1 177-178
ALMENDROS, NÉSTOR (Nestor Almendrod Cuyas; 1930-1992), Hispanic American cinematographer 27 13-15
ALMODOVAR, PEDRO (Calmodovar, Caballero, Pedro; born 1949), Spanish film director and screenwriter 23 6-9
ALOMAR, ROBERTO (born 1968), Puerto Rican baseball player 36 23-25
Alompra
see Alaungpaya
Alonso (Araucanian chief)
see Lautaro
ALONSO, ALICIA (Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad dei Cobre Martinez Hoya; born 1921), Cuban ballerina 24 14-17
ALP ARSLAN (1026/32-1072), Seljuk sultan of Persia and Iraq 1 178-179
Alpetragius
see Bitruji, Nur al-Din Abu Ishaq al-
ALPHONSA OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, ST. (1910-1946), Indian nun and Roman Catholic saint 30 1-3
Alphonse the Wise
see Alfonso X, king of Castile
ALTAMIRA Y CREVEA, RAFAEL (1866-1951), Spanish critic, historian, and jurist 1 179
ALTDORFER, ALBRECHT (c. 1480-1538), German painter, printmaker, and architect 1 179-180
ALTERMAN, NATAN (1910-1970), Israeli poet and journalist 24 17-18
ALTGELD, JOHN PETER (1847-1902), American jurist and politician 1 180-182
ALTHUSSER, LOUIS (1918-1990), French Communist philosopher 1 182-183
ALTIZER, THOMAS J. J. (born 1927), American theologian 1 183-184
ALTMAN, ROBERT (1925-2006), American filmmaker 20 12-14
ALTMAN, SIDNEY (born 1939), Canadian American molecular biologist 23 9-11
ALUPI, CALIN (Calinic Alupi; 1906-1988), Romanian artist 24 18-19
Alva, Duke of
see Alba, Duke of
ALVARADO, LINDA (Linda Martinez; born 1951), American businesswoman 25 21-23
Alvarez, Jorge Guillén y
see Guillén y Alvarez, Jorge
ÁLVAREZ, JUAN (1780-1867), Mexican soldier and statesman, president 1855 1 184-185
ALVAREZ, JULIA (born 1950), Hispanic American novelist, poet 1 185-187
ÁLVAREZ, LILÍ (1905-1998), Spanish athlete 35 25-27
ALVAREZ, LUIS W. (1911-1988), American physicist 1 187-189
ÁLVAREZ BRAVO, MANUEL (1902-2002), Mexican photographer 31 2-6
ALVARIÑO, ANGELES (Angeles Alvariño Leira; 1916-2005), Spanish American marine scientist 27 15-17
ALVEAR, MARCELO TORCUATO DE (1868-1942), Argentine statesman, president 1922-1928 36 25-27
ALZHEIMER, ALOIS (1864-1915), German physician 37 9-11
AMADO, JORGE (1912-2001), Brazilian novelist 1 189-190
AMBADY, NALINI (1959-2013), Indianborn social psychologist 35 27-29
AMBEDKAR, BHIMRAO RAMJI (1891-1956), Indian social reformer and politician 1 190-191
AMBIORIX (flourished 1st century BCE), Celtic king 37 11-13
AMBLER, ERIC (1909-1998), English novelist 1 191-192
Ambrogini, Angelo
see Poliziano, Angelo
AMBROSE, ST. (339-397), Italian bishop 1 192-193
AMBROSE, STEPHEN E. (1936-2002), American historian 32 12-14
Ambulances Edhi, Abdul Sattar 38 82-84
AMDA SEYON (ruled 1314-1344), Ethiopian king 36 27-29
AMDRUP, GEORG CARL (1866-1947), Danish explorer and naval officer 36 29-30
AMENEMHET I (ruled 1991-1962 BCE), pharaoh of Egypt 1 193-194
AMENHOTEP III (ruled 1417-1379 BCE), pharaoh of Egypt 1 194-195
Amenhotep IV
see Ikhnaton
Amenophis IV
see Ikhnaton
American art
illustration
Parrish, Maxfield 38 285-288
Pyle, Howard 38 299-301
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
cases
Loving, Richard 38 218-220
AMERICAN HORSE (aka Iron Shield; c. 1840-1876), Sioux leader 1 195-198
American International Pictures (AIP)
Arkoff, Samuel Z. 38 10-12
American Michelangelo
see Rimmer, William
American music
20th century
country and western
Jennings, Waylon 38 166-168
Lynn, Loretta 38 221-223
American Rembrandt
see Johnson, Jonathan Eastman
American Revolution (1775-1783) loyalists
Ferguson, Patrick 38 95-97
American Woodsman
see Audubon, John James
AMES, ADELBERT (1835-1933), American politician 1 198
AMES, ALDRICH (born 1941), American intelligence agent and spy 38 5-7
AMES, EZRA (1768-1836), American painter 29 1-3
AMES, FISHER (1758-1808), American statesman 1 199-200
AMHERST, JEFFERY (1717-1797), English general and statesman 1 200-201
AMICHAI, YEHUDA (Yehuda Pfeuffer; Yehudah Amichai; 1924-2000), German-Israeli poet 24 19-21
AMIET, CUNO (1868-1961), Swiss Postimpressionist painter 1 201-202
AMIN DADA, IDI (c. 1926-2003), president of Uganda (1971-1979) 1 202-204
AMINA OF ZARIA (Amina Sarauniya Zazzau; c. 1533-c. 1610), Nigerian monarch and warrior 21 5-7
Amino acids (chemistry) Robiquet, Pierre Jean 38 312-314
AMIS, KINGSLEY (Kingsley William Amis; 1922-1995), English author 28 5-8
Amitabha Buddha
see Buddha (play)
AMMA (Amritanandamayi, Mata; Ammachi; Sudhamani; born 1953), Indian spiritual leader 28 8-10
AMMANATI, BARTOLOMEO (1511-1592), Italian sculptor and architect 30 3-5
AMMANN, JAKOB (1644-c. 1730), Swiss Anabaptist leader 36 30-32
AMONTONS, GUILLAUME (1663-1705), French physicist 29 3-5
AMORSOLO, FERNANDO (1892-1972), Philippine painter 1 204
AMORY, CLEVELAND (1917-1998), American author and animal rights activist 26 14-16
AMOS (flourished 8th century BCE), Biblical prophet 1 205
AMPÈRE, ANDRÉ MARIE (1775-1836), French physicist 1 205-206
AMPÈRE, JEAN-JACQUES (1800-1864), French essayist 29 5-7
AMUNDSEN, ROALD (1872-1928), Norwegian explorer 1 206-207
AN LU-SHAN (703-757), Chinese rebel leader 1 239-240
ANACLETUS II (c. 1090-1138), antipope 1130-1138 29 7-9
ANACREON (c. 570-c. 490 BCE), Greek lyric poet 29 9-11
Analytical chemistry
Robiquet, Pierre Jean 38 312-314
ANAN BEN DAVID (flourished 8th century), Jewish Karaite leader in Babylonia 1 207-208
ANAND, DEV (1923-2011), Indian actor 33 5-7
ANANDA MAHIDOL (1925-1946), king of Thailand 1935-1946 31 7
Anathemata, The (poem)
Jones, David 38 170-172
ANAXAGORAS (c. 500-c. 428 BCE), Greek philosopher 1 208-209
ANAXIMANDER (c. 610-c. 546 BCE), Greek philosopher and astronomer 1 209-210
ANAXIMENES (flourished 546 BCE), Greek philosopher 1 210
ANAYA, RUDOLFO ALFONSO (born 1937), Chicano American author 27 17-19
ANC
see African National Congress (ANC)
ANCHIETA, JOSÉ DE (1534-1597), Portuguese Jesuit missionary 1 210-211
ANDERSEN, DOROTHY (1901-1963), American physician and pathologist 1 212
ANDERSEN, HANSCHRISTIAN (1805-1875), Danish author 1 212-214
ANDERSON, CARL DAVID (1905-1991), American physicist 1 214-215
ANDERSON, HERBERT L. (1914-1988), American physicist 31 7-8
ANDERSON, IVIE MARIE (Ivy Marie Anderson; 1905-1949), African-American singer 28 10-12
ANDERSON, JUDITH (1898-1992), American stage and film actress 1 215-216
ANDERSON, JUNE (born 1953), American opera singer 1 216-218
ANDERSON, MARIAN (1902-1993), African American singer 1 218-219
ANDERSON, MARY (1866-1953), American inventor 36 32-34
ANDERSON, MAXWELL (1888-1959), American playwright 1 219-220
ANDERSON, REGINA M. (1901-1993), Librarian and playwright 30 5-7
ANDERSON, SHERWOOD (1876-1941), American writer 1 220-221
ANDERSON, SPARKY (1934-2010), American baseball manager 33 7-9
ANDERSON, WILLIE (William Law Anderson; 1879-1910), Scottish golfer and course designer 37 13-15
ANDO, TADAO (born 1941), Japanese architect 18 17-19
ANDRADA E SILVA, JOSÉ BONIFÁCIO DE (1763-1838), Brazilian-born statesman and scientist 1 221-222
ANDRADE, MÁRIO DE (1893-1945), Brazilian writer and ethnomusicologist 36 34-35
ANDRÁSSY, COUNT JULIUS (1823-1890), Hungarian statesman, prime minister 1867-1871 1 222-223
Andrea da Pontedera
see Andrea Pisano
ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO (1421-1457), Italian painter 1 223-224
ANDREA DEL SARTO (1486-1530), Italian painter 1 224-225
ANDREA PISANO (c. 1290-1348), Italian sculptor and architect 1 225-226
ANDREAS-SALOMÉ, LOU (Louise Salomé; 1861-1937), Russian-born German author and feminist 28 12-14
ANDRÉE, SALOMON AUGUST (1854-1897), Swedish engineer and Arctic balloonist 1 226
ANDREESSEN, MARC (born 1972), American computer programmer who developed Netscape Navigator 19 3-5
Andreino
see Andrea del Sarto
ANDREOTTI, GIULIO (1919-2013), leader of Italy's Christian Democratic party 1 226-228
ANDRETTI, MARIO (born 1940), Italian/American race car driver 1 228-230
ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867), American politician 1 230-231
ANDREWS, BENNY (1930-2006), African American artists 25 23-25
ANDREWS, CHARLES MCLEAN (1863-1943), American historian 1 231
ANDREWS, FANNIE FERN PHILLIPS (1867-1950), American educator, reformer, pacifist 1 231-232
ANDREWS, JULIE (Julie Edwards; born 1935), British singer, actress, and author 25 25-28
ANDREWS, ROY CHAPMAN (1884-1960), American naturalist and explorer 33 9-11
ANDREYEV, LEONID NIKOLAYEVICH (1871-1919), Russian author 29 11-13
ANDRIĆ, IVO (1892-1975), Yugoslav author 24 21-24
ANDRONIKOS II PALAIOLOGOS (1260-1332), Byzantine emperor 30 7-9
ANDROPOV, IURY VLADIMIROVICH (1914-1984), head of the Soviet secret police and ruler of the Soviet Union (1982-1984) 1 233-234
ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714), English colonial governor in America 1 234-235
ANDRUS, ETHEL (1884-1976), American educator and founder of the American Association of Retired Persons 19 5-7
Angel of the Crimea
see Nightingale, Florence
Angelico, Fra
see Fra Angelico
ANGELL, JAMES ROWLAND (1869-1949), psychologist and leader in higher education 1 236-237
Angelo de Cosimo
see Bronzino
ANGELOU, MAYA (Marguerite Johnson; 1928-2014), American author, poet, playwright, stage and screen performer, and director 1 238-239
Anglo-Boer War
see Boer War (1899-1902)
ANGUIANO, RAUL (1915-2006), Mexican artist 34 9-11
ANGUISSOLA, SOFONISBA (Sofonisba Anguisciola; c. 1535-1625), Italian artist 22 22-24
ANIELEWICZ, MORDECHAI (c. 1919-1943), Polish resistance fighter 34 11-13
Animal domestication
Belyaev, Dmitry K. 38 21-23
Anna Comnena
see Comnena, Anna
ANNA IVANOVNA (1693-1740), empress of Russia 1730-1740 1 240-241
ANNAN, KOFI (born 1938), Ghanaian secretary-general of the United Nations 18 19-21
Annapurna I (mountain, Nepal) Steck, Ueli 38 333-335
ANNE (1665-1714), queen of England 1702-1714 and of Great Britain 1707-1714 1 241-242
ANNE OF BRITTANY (1477-1514), queen of France 1491-1498 and 1499-1514 29 13-15
ANNE OF CLEVES (1515-1557), German princess and fourth wife of Henry VIII 27 19-21
ANNENBERG, WALTER HUBERT (1908-2002), American publisher and philanthropist 26 16-18
ANNING, MARY (1799-1847), British fossil collector 20 14-16
Annunzio, Gabriele d'
see D'Annunzio, Gabriel
ANOKYE, OKOMFO (Kwame Frimpon Anokye; flourished late 17th century), Ashanti priest and statesman 1 242-243
ANOUILH, JEAN (1910-1987), French playwright 1 243-244
ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, ST. (1033-1109), Italian archbishop and theologian 1 244-245
ANSERMET, ERNEST (1883-1969), Swiss orchestral conductor 30 9-11
ANSLINGER, HARRY J. (1892-1975), American law enforcement commissioner 38 7-10
Anson, Charles Edward
see Markham, Edwin
Anthoniszoon, Jeroen
see Bosch, Hieronymus
Anthony, Mark
see Antony, Mark
Anthony, Peter
see Shaffer, Peter Levin
ANTHONY, ST. (c. 250-356), Egyptian hermit and monastic founder 1 246-248
ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906), American leader of suffrage movement 1 246-248
Anthony Abbott, St.
see Anthony, St.
Anthony of Egypt, St.
see Anthony, St.
ANTHONY OF PADUA, ST. (Fernando de Boullion; 1195-1231), Portuguese theologian and priest 21 7-9
Anthropological linguistics
see Linguistics (science)
Anti-Semitism
United States
LaRouche, Lyndon 38 197-200
Antibiotics (medicine)
Conover, Lloyd 38 61-63
ANTIGONUS I (382-301 BCE), king of Macedon 306-301 B.C. 1 248-249
Antiochus I, (324-261 BCE), king of Syria 280-261 B.C. Berossus 38 28-29
ANTIOCHUS III (241-187 BCE), king of Syria 223-187 B.C. 1 249-250
ANTIOCHUS IV (c. 215-163 BCE), king of Syria 175-163 B.C. 1 250
Antiochus the Great
see Antiochus III
ANTISTHENES (c. 450-360 BCE), Greek philosopher 1 250-251
ANTONELLO DA MESSINA (c. 1430-1479), Italian painter 1 251-252
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius
see Caracalla
Antonio, Donato di Pascuccio d'
see Bramante, Donato
ANTONIONI, MICHELANGELO (1912-2007), Italian film director 1 252-253
Antonius, Marcus
see Antony, Mark
ANTONY, MARK (c. 82-30 BCE), Roman politician and general 1 253-254
Anushervan the Just
see Khosrow I
ANZA, JUAN BAUTISTA DE (1735-1788), Spanish explorer 1 254-255
ANZALDÚA, GLORIA (1942-2004), American writer 36 35-37
Anzio, Battle of (1944) Darby, William Orlando 38 72-74
AOUN, MICHEL (born 1935), Christian Lebanese military leader and prime minister 1 255-257
Apache Napoleon
see Cochise
Apartheid (South Africa)
opponents
Kathrada, Ahmed 38 175-177
APELLES (flourished after 350 BCE), Greek painter 1 257
APESS, WILLIAM (1798-1839), Native American religious leader, author, and activist 20 16-18
APGAR, VIRGINIA (1909-1974), American medical educator, researcher 1 257-259
APITHY, SOUROU MIGAN (1913-1989), Dahomean political leader 1 259-260
APOLLINAIRE, GUILLAUME (1880-1918), French lyric poet 1 260
Apollo Theater (Harlem, New York) Sims, Sandman 38 325-327
APOLLODORUS (flourished c. 408 BCE), Greek painter 1 261
APOLLONIUS OF PERGA (flourished 210 BCE), Greek mathematician 1 261-262
Apostate, the
see Julian
APPELFELD, AHARON (born 1932), Israeli who wrote about anti-Semitism and the Holocaust 1 262-263
APPERT, NICOLAS (1749-1941), French chef and inventor of canning of foods 20 18-19
APPIA, ADOLPHE (1862-1928), Swiss stage director 1 263-264
APPLEBEE, CONSTANCE (1873-1981), American field hockey coach 24 24-25
APPLEGATE, JESSE (1811-1888), American surveyor, pioneer, and rancher 1 264-265
APPLETON, SIR EDWARD VICTOR (1892-1965), British pioneer in radio physics 1 265-266
APPLETON, NATHAN (1779-1861), American merchant and manufacturer 1 266-267
APULEIUS, LUCIUS (c. 124-170), Roman author, philosopher, and orator 20 19-21
Apulia, Robert Guiscard, Count and Duke of
see Guiscard, Robert
Aquinas, St. Thomas
see Thomas Aquinas, St.
AQUINO, BENIGNO (“Nino”; 1933-1983), Filipino activist murdered upon his return from exile 1 267-268
AQUINO, CORAZON COJOANGCO (1933-2009), first woman president of the Republic of the Philippines 1 268-270
Arabi Pasha, (Colonel Ahmed Arabi)
see ORABI, AHMED
Arabs in History, The (book)
Lewis, Bernard 38 211-213
ARAFAT, YASSER (also spelled Yasir; 1929-2004), chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization 1 270-271
ARAGO, FRANÇ OIS (1786-1853), French physicist 30 11-14
ARAGON, LOUIS (1897-1982), French surrealist author 1 271-272
ARAKCHEEV, ALEKSEI ANDREEVICH (1769-1834), Russian soldier and statesman 31 9-10
ARAKIDA MORITAKE (1473-1549), Japanese poet 29 287-288
ARÁMBURU, PEDRO EUGENIO (1903-1970), Argentine statesman, president 1955-1958 30 14-16
Arango, Doroteo
see Villa, Pancho
ARANHA, OSVALDO (1894-1960), Brazilian political leader 1 272-273
ARATUS (271-213 BCE), Greek statesman and general 1 273-274
ARBENZ GUZMÁN, JACOBO (1913-1971), Guatemalan statesman, president 1951-1954 1 274-276 Hunt, E. Howard 38 154-157
ARBER, AGNES ROBERTSON (nee Agnes Robertson; 1879-1960), English botanist 28 14-16
Arblay, Madame d'
see Burney, Frances “Fanny”
ARBUS, DIANE NEMEROV (1923-1971), American photographer 1 276-277
ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735), Scottish physician 31 11-12
ARCARO, EDDIE (George Edward Arcaro; 1916-1997), American jockey 27 21-23
Archaeological Survey of India
Wheeler, Mortimer 38 356-359
Archaeology
scientific approach
Wheeler, Mortimer 38 356-359
Archaeology, Institute of (London)
Wheeler, Mortimer 38 356-359
ARCHIMEDES (c. 287-212 BCE), Greek mathematician 1 277-280
ARCHIPENKO, ALEXANDER (1887-1964), Russian-American sculptor and teacher 1 280-281
ARCINIEGAS, GERMAN (1900-1999), Colombian historian, educator, and journalist 24 27-29
ARDEN, ELIZABETH (Florence Nightingale Graham; c. 1878-1966), American businesswoman 1 281-282
ARDEN, JOHN (1930-2012), British playwright 33 11-13
Ardler, Stella
see Adler, Stella
ARENDT, HANNAH (1906-1975), Jewish philosopher 1 282-284
ARENS, MOSHE (born 1925), aeronautical engineer who became a leading Israeli statesman 1 284-285
ARETE OF CYRENE (c. 400-c. 340 BCE), Grecian philosopher 26 18-20
ARETINO, PIETRO (1492-1556), Italian satirist 29 16-18
ARÉVALO, JUAN JOSÉ (1904-1951), Guatemalan statesman, president 1944-1951 1 285-286
ARGALL, SAMUEL (1580-1626), English mariner 29 18-20
Argentine literature
social criticism
Quino 38 302-304
ARGÜELLES, JOSÉ (1933-2011), American philospher and art historian 32 14-16
Ari Ha-qodesh
see Luria, Isaac ben Solomon
ARIAS, ARNULFO (1901-1988), thrice elected president of Panama 1 286-287
ARIAS SANCHEZ, OSCAR (born 1941), Costa Rican politician, social activist, president, and Nobel Peace Laureate (1987) 1 287-289
ARINZE, FRANCIS (born 1932), Nigerian Roman Catholic cardinal 26 20-22
ARIOSTO, LUDOVICO (1474-1533), Italian poet and playwright 1 289-290
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS (c. 310-230 BCE), Greek astronomer 1 290-291
ARISTIDE, JEAN-BERTRAND (born 1953), president of Haiti (1990-1991 and 1994-1995); deposed by a military coup in 1991; restored to power in 1994 1 291-293
Aristio
see Unánue, José Hipólito
ARISTOPHANES (450/445-after 385 BCE), Greek playwright 1 293-294
Aristotelianism (philosophy)
Christian philosophy
Buridan, Jean 38 46-48
logic
Buridan, Jean 38 46-48
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE), Greek philosopher and scientist 1 295-296
ARIUS (died c. 336), Libyan theologian and heresiarch 1 297-298
ARKHIPOV, VASILI (1926-1998), Soviet naval officer 37 15-16
ARKOFF, SAMUEL Z. (1918-2001), American film producer 38 10-12
ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (1732-1792), English inventor and industrialist 1 298
ARLEDGE, ROONE (1931-2002), American television broadcaster 32 16-18
ARLEN, HAROLD (born Hyman Arluck; 1905-1986), American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger 19 7-9
ARLT, ROBERTO (Roberto Godofredo Christophersen Arlt; 1900-1942), Argentine author and journalist 23 11-13
ARMANI, GIORGIO (1935-1997), Italian fashion designer 1 299-301
ARMINIUS (c. 18 BCE-21 CE), Germanic tribal leader 36 37-39
ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609), Dutch theologian 1 301-302
ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901), American industrialist 1 302
ARMSTRONG, EDWIN HOWARD (1890-1954), American electrical engineer and radio inventor 1 302-303
ARMSTRONG, HENRY (Henry Jackson, Jr.; 1912-1988), American boxer and minister 21 9-11
ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758-1843), American diplomat 31 13-14
ARMSTRONG, LANCE (born 1971), American cyclist 23 13-15
ARMSTRONG, LILLIAN HARDIN (1898-1971), African American musician 23 15-17
ARMSTRONG, LOUIS DANIEL (1900-1971), African American jazz musician 1 303-304
ARMSTRONG, NEIL ALDEN (1930-2012), American astronaut 1 304-306
ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839-1893),American educator 1 306-307
Army, United States
see U.S. Army
McCarthy, Joseph Raymond 10 388-389
ARNAZ, DESI (Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y De Acha; 1917-1986), American musician and actor 21 12-14
ARNE, THOMASAUGUSTINE (1710-1778), English composer 1 307-308
ARNIM, ACHIM VON (Ludwig Joachim von Achim; 1781-1831), German writer 1 308-309
ARNIM, BETTINA VON (1785-1859), German author 35 29-31
ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801), American general and traitor 1 309-310
Arnold, Franz
see Lieber, Francis
ARNOLD, HENRY HARLEY (Hap; 1886-1950), American general 1 310-311
ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888), English poet and critic 1 311-313
ARNOLD, THOMAS (1795-1842), English educator 1 313-314
ARNOLD, THURMAN WESLEY (1891-1969), American statesman 1 314
ARNOLD, VLADIMIR IGOREVICH (1937-2010), Russian mathematician 31 15-17
ARNOLD OF BRESCIA (c. 1100-1155), Italian religious reformer 1 314-315
ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO (c. 1245-1302), Italian sculptor and architect 1 315-316
ARNS, PAOLO EVARISTO (1921-2016), Brazilian religious leader 38 12-14
ARON, RAYMOND (1905-1983), academic scholar, teacher, and journalist 1 316-317
Arouet, Franèois Marie
see Voltaire
ARP, JEAN (Hans Arp; 1887-1966), French sculptor and painter 1 317-318
ARRAU, CLAUDIO (1903-1991), Chilean American pianist 23 17-18
ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUST (1859-1927), Swedish chemist and physicist 1 318-320
ARROYO, MARTINA (born c. 1936), African American opera singer 27 23-25
Ars, Curé of
see Vianney, St. Jean Baptiste
Ars magna (books)
Llull, Ramon 38 216-218
ARTAUD, ANTONIN (1896-1948), developed the theory of the Theater of Cruelty 1 320-321
ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830-1886), American statesman, president 1881-1885 1 321-323
ARTIGAS, JOSÉ GERVASIO (1764-1850), Uruguayan patriot 1 323
Artists, American
animators
Wong, Tyrus 38 364-366
architects (20th century)
Khan, Fazlur Rahman 38 179-180
cartoonists
Eisner, Will 38 84-86
fashion designers
Cohn, Nudie 38 57-59
illustrators (19th-20th century)
Parrish, Maxfield 38 285-288
Pyle, Howard 38 299-301
illustrators (20th century)
Bemelmans, Ludwig 38 23-26
Bonestell, Chesley 38 32-34
painters (20th century)
Stettheimer, Florine 38 335-337
Artists, Argentine
Quino 38 302-304
Artists, Canadian
cartoonists
Shuster, Joe 38 320-322
Artists, Dutch
painters (17th-18th century)
Segers, Hercules 38 317-320
printmakers
Segers, Hercules 38 317-320
sculptors
Gibbons, Grinling 38 112-115
woodcarvers
Gibbons, Grinling 38 112-115
Artists, English
architects (18th-19th century)
Repton, Humphry 38 305-307
furniture designers
Crane, Walter 38 63-65
illustrators
Crane, Walter 38 63-65
Jones, David 38 170-172
landscape architects
Brown, Lancelot 38 39-42
Repton, Humphry 38 305-307
painters (20th century)
Jones, David 38 170-172
Nash, Paul 38 263-266
sculptors
Gibbons, Grinling 38 112-115
woodcarvers
Gibbons, Grinling 38 112-115
Artists, Indonesian
Affandi 38 1-3
Artists, Italian
painters (20th century)
Zacchini, Hugo 38 370-372
Artists, Japanese
animators
Mizuki, Shigeru 38 241-243
Artists, Spanish
fashion designers
Fortuny, Mariano 38 97-99
Arts and Crafts movement (19th century)
origins and culture
Crane, Walter 38 63-65
Hubbard, Elbert 38 151-154
ARYABHATA (476-c. 550), Indian mathematician 37 16-18
ARZNER, DOROTHY (1897-1979), American filmmaker 32 18-20
ASAM, COSMAS DAMIAN (1686-1739), German artist 1 323-324
ASAM, EGID QUIRIN (1692-1750), German artist 1 323-324
ASANTEWAA, YAA (c. 1840-1921), Ghanaian Asante queen 37 18-20
ASBURY, FRANCIS (1745-1816), EnglishbornAmericanMethodist bishop 1 324-325
ASCH, SHALOM (1880-1957), Polish-born playwright and novelist 1 325-326
Asclepiades
see Hippocrates
ASH, MARY KAY WAGNER (1918-2001), cosmetics tycoon 1 326-327
ASHARI, ABU AL-HASAN ALI AL- (873/883-935), Moslem theologian 1 327-328
ASHCROFT, JOHN (born 1942), American statesman and attorney general 23 18-21
ASHE, ARTHUR ROBERT, JR. (1943-1993), world champion athlete, social activist, teacher, and charity worker 1 328-330
ASHFORD, EVELYN (born 1957), American athlete 24 29-32
Ashikaga shogunate
see Japan–1338-1573
ASHIKAGA TAKAUJI (1305-1358), Japanese shogun 1 330-332
ASHKENAZY, VLADIMIR (born 1937), Russian musician 22 24-26
Ashley, 1st Baron
see Shaftesbury, 1st Earl of
ASHLEY, LAURA (Mountney; 1925-1985), British designer of women's clothes and home furnishings 1 332-333
Ashley, Lord
see Shaftesbury, 7th Earl of
ASHLEY, WILLIAM HENRY (c. 1778-1838), American businessman, fur trader, and explorer 1 333-334
ASHMORE, HARRY SCOTT (1916-1998), American journalist 1 334-335
ASHMUN, JEHUDI (1794-1828), American governor of Liberia Colony 1 335-336
ASHRAWI, HANAN MIKHAIL (born 1946), Palestinian spokesperson 1 336-338
ASHTON, FREDERICK (Frederick William Ashton; 1904-1988), British choreographer 26 22-24
ASHURBANIPAL (died c. 630 BCE), Assyrian king 669-ca. 630 1 338
Asia Minor (peninsula, Asia)
coinage
Croesus 38 68-70
ASIMOV, ISAAC (1920-1992), American author 1 338-341
Askia the Great
see Muhammad Ture, Askia
ASLAN, ANA (1897-1988), Romanian physician 37 21-22
ASOKA (ruled c. 273-232 BCE), Indian emperor of theMaurya dynasty 1 341-342
ASPASIA (c. 470-410 BCE), Milesian courtesan and rhetorician 22 26-28
ASPIN, LES (1938-1995), United States congressman and secretary of defense 1 342-344
ASPLUND, ERIC GUNNAR (1885-1945), Swedish architect 1 344
ASQUITH, HERBERT HENRY (1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith; 1852-1928), English statesman, prime minister 1908-1916 1 344-346
ASSAD, HAFIZ (1930-2000), president of Syria 1 346-348
ASSANGE, JULIAN (born 1971), Australian journalist 33 13-16
Assassinations
England
Litvinenko, Alexander 38 214-216
Russia
Litvinenko, Alexander 38 214-216
Nemtsov, Boris 38 268-271
United States
Garrison, Jim 38 107-109
ASTAIRE, FRED (Frederick Austerlitz; 1899-1987), dancer and choreographer 1 348-350
ASTATKE, MULATU (born 1943), Ethiopian musician and composer 37 22-24
ASTELL, MARY (Tom Single, Mr. Wooton; 1666-1731), English author 24 32-34
ASTON, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1877-1945), English chemist and physicist 1 350-351
ASTOR, JOHN JACOB (1763-1848), American fur trader, merchant, and capitalist 1 351-352
ASTOR, NANCY LANGHORNE (1879-1964), first woman to serve as a member of the British Parliament (1919-1945) 1 352-354
Astrea
see Behn, Aphra
Astrology
Berossus 38 28-29
Astronomy (science)
observatories
Struve, Otto 38 337-340
ASTURIAS, MIGUEL ANGEL (1899-1974), Guatemalan novelist and poet 1 354-355
ATAHUALPA (c. 1502-1533), Inca emperor of Peru 1532-1533 1 355-356
ATANASOFF, JOHN (1903-1995), American physicist 20 21-22
ATATÜRK, GHAZI MUSTAPHA KEMAL (1881-1938), Turkish nationalist, president 1923-1938 1 356-357
ATCHISON, DAVID RICE (1807-1886), American lawyer and politician 1 357-358
ATHANASIUS, ST. (c. 296-373), Christian theologian, bishop of Alexandria 1 358-359
ATHERTON, GERTRUDE (Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton; 1857-1948), American author 23 21-23
Athletes
Indian
Sri Chinmoy 38 331-333
Swiss
Steck, Ueli 38 333-335
Athletes, American
baseball players
Connors, Chuck 38 59-61
jockeys
Pincay, Laffit, Jr. 38 290-293
swimmers
Kiefer, Adolph 38 180-182
ATKINS, CHET (Chester Burton Atkins; 1924-2000), American musician 22 28-30
ATKINS, VERA (Vera Maria [May] Rosenberg; 1908-2000), English intelligence agent 28 16-18
ATKINSON, LOUISA (Louisa Warning Atkinson; 1834-1872), Australian author 22 30-33
ATLAS, CHARLES (Angelo Siciliano; 1893-1972), American body builder 21 14-15
ATTAR, FARID ED-DIN (c. 1140-c. 1234), Persian poet 1 359-360
ATTENBOROUGH, RICHARD SAMUEL (1923-2014), English actor and filmmaker 18 21-23
Attic Bee
see Sophocles
ATTILA (died 453), Hun chieftain 1 360
ATTLEE, CLEMENT RICHARD (1st Earl Attlee; 1883-1967), English statesman, prime minister 1945-1951 1 361-362
ATWOOD, MARGARET ELEANOR (born 1939), Canadian novelist, poet, critic, and politically committed cultural activist 1 362-364
AUBERT DE GASPÉ, PHILIPPE (1786-1871), French-Canadian author 1 364
AUBIGNY, JULIE D' (1670-1707), French swordswoman and singer 37 85-87
AUDEN, WYSTAN HUGH (1907-1973), English-born American poet 1 364-366
AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES (1785-1851), American artist and ornithologist 1 366-367
AUER, LEOPOLD (1845-1930), Hungarian violinist and conductor 20 22-24
AUERBACH, RED (Arnold Red Auerbach; Arnold Jacob Auerbach; 1917-2006), American Basketball coach 27 25-28
AUGIER, ÉMILE (1820-1889), French dramatist and poet 29 20-22
AUGUSTINE, ST. (354-430), Christian philosopher and theologian 1 367-370
AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, ST. (died c. 606), Roman monk, archbishop of Canterbury 1 370-371
Augustine of Hippo
see Augustine, St.
AUGUSTUS (Octavian; 63 BCE-A.D. 14), Roman emperor 27 B.C.-A.D. 14 1 371-373
AUGUSTUS II (1670-1733), king of Poland and elector of Saxony 1 373-374
Augustus the Strong
see Augustus II, (1696-1763)
AULARD, FRANÇOIS VICTOR ALPHONSE (1849-1928), French historian 1 374
Aulnay, Seigneur d'
see Charnisay
AUMONT, JEAN-PIERRE (1911-2001), French actor 32 20-23
AUNG SAN (1915-1947), Burmese politician 1 374-375
AUNG SAN SUU KYI (born 1945), leader of movement toward democracy in Burma (Myanmar) and Nobel Peace Prize winner 1 375-376
Aung Zeya
see Alaungpaya
AURANGZEB (1618-1707), Mogul emperor of India 1658-1707 1 377
AURIC, GEORGES (1899-1983), French composer 30 16-18
AURIOL, VINCENT (1884-1966), French president 1947-1954 30 18-21
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp
Nivelli, Herbert 38 273-275
AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817), English novelist 1 377-379
AUSTIN, JOHN (1790-1859), English jurist and author 22 33-35
AUSTIN, JOHN LANGSHAW (1911-1960), English philosopher 1 379-380
AUSTIN, MARY HUNTER (1868-1934), American author 23 23-25
AUSTIN, MOSES (1761-1821), American pioneer 29 22-24
AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836), American pioneer 1 380-381
Australia, Commonwealth of (island continent)
exploration
Leichhardt, Ludwig 38 204-206
Authors, American
autobiographies
Hickam, Homer 38 136-138
biographers (20th century)
McKissack, Patricia and Fredrick 38 234-236
children's authors
Bemelmans, Ludwig 38 23-26
McKissack, Patricia and Fredrick 38 234-236
critics (20th century)
Hentoff, Nat 38 132-134
novelists (20th century)
Hentoff, Nat 38 132-134
Hunt, E. Howard 38 154-157
poets (19th-20th century)
Ridge, Lola 38 309-312
Authors, Australian
memoirs
Kottanner, Helene 38 188-190
Authors, Bangladeshi
Nasrin, Taslima 38 266-268
Authors, Cuban
Gömez de Avellaneda, Gertrudis 38 117-119
Authors, English
biography
Mosley, Diana 38 247-250
critics (20th century)
Leavis, F.R. 38 200-201
Sinclair, May 38 327-329
novelists (18th century)
Walpole, Horace 38 354-356
novelists (19th-20th century)
Munro, H.H. 38 254-256
Sinclair, May 38 327-329
poets (19th-20th century)
Sinclair, May 38 327-329
poets (20th century)
Hill, Geoffrey 38 138-140
Jones, David 38 170-172
short-story writers
Munro, H.H. 38 254-256
Sinclair, May 38 327-329
Authors, German
children's authors
Hoffmann, Heinrich 38 146-149
Authors, Hungarian
Kottanner, Helene 38 188-190
Authors, Irish
poets
Ridge, Lola 38 309-312
Authors, Japanese
comics
Mizuki, Shigeru 38 241-243
Authors, Polish
Bauman, Zygmunt 38 19-21
Authors, Scottish
lexicographers
Murray, James 38 256-258
novelists
MacDonald, George 38 224-227
Oliphant, Mrs. 38 278-280
Authors, Spanish
novelists (13th-15th century)|
Llull, Ramon 38 216-218
AUTISSIER, ISABELLE (born 1956), French sailor and racer 30 21-23
AUTRY, GENE (1907-1998), American singing cowboy 38 14-16
AVEDON, RICHARD (1923-2004), American fashion photographer 1 381-382 Machado, China 38 227-229
Avempace
see IBN BAJJA, ABU BAKR MUHHAMAD
AVENARIUS, RICHARD (1843-1896), German philosopher 32 23-24
AVERROËS (1126-1198), Spanish-Arabian philosopher 1 382-383
AVERY, OSWALD THEODORE (1877-1955), Canadian/American biologist and bacteriologist 1 384-386
AVERY, TEX (1908-1980), American director 32 24-27
Avicebrón (Avicembril)
see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah
AVICENNA (c. 980-1037), Arabian physician and philosopher 1 386-387
ÁVILA CAMACHO, MANUEL (1897-1955), Mexican president 1940-1946 1 387-388
Ávila, Pedro Arias de
see Pedrarias
AVOGADRO, LORENZO ROMANO AMEDEO CARLO (Conte di Quaregna e di Cerreto; 1776-1865), Italian physicist and chemist 1 388-389
AWOLOWO, CHIEF OBAFEMI (1909-1987), Nigerian nationalist and politician 1 389-390
AX, EMANUEL (born 1949), American pianist 1 391
AXELROD, JULIUS (1912-2004), American biochemist 28 18-20
Axiom (logic)
Zermelo, Ernst 38 373-375
AXTON, ESTELLE (1918-2004), American executive 34 13-15
Ayala, Pedro López de
see López de Ayala, Pedro
AYCKBOURN, ALAN (born 1939), British playwright 18 23-25
AYER, ALFRED JULES (1910-1989), English philosopher 1 391-393
AYLWIN AZÓ CAR, PATRICIO (born 1918), leader of the Chilean Christian Democratic party and president of Chile 1 393-395
AYUB KHAN, MOHAMMED (1907-1989), Pakistani statesman 1 395-396
AZAÑ A DIAZ, MANUEL (1880-1940), Spanish statesman, president 1936-1939 1 396-397
AZARA, FÉLIX DE (1746-1821), Spanish explorer and naturalist 1 397-398
AZARA, JOSÉ NICOLÁS DE (c. 1731-1804), Spanish diplomat 29 24-26
AZCONA HOYO, JOSÉ (1927-2005), president of Honduras (1986-1990) 1 398-399
AZHARI, SAYYID ISMAIL AL- (1898-1969), Sudanese president 1965-1968 1 399-401
AZIKIWE, NNAMDI (1904-1996), Nigerian nationalist, president 1963-1966 1 401-402
Azorin
see Ruíz, José Martinez
AZUELA, MARIANO (1873-1952), Mexican novelist 1 402
BÂ, MARIAMA (1929-1981), Senegalese novelist 26 25-27
BA MAW (1893-1977), Burmese statesman 1 480-481
BAADE, WALTER (1893-1960), German astronomer 30 24-26
BAADER AND MEINHOF (1967-1976), founders of the West German “Red Army Faction” 1 403-404
BAAL SHEM TOV (c. 1700-c. 1760), founder of modern Hasidism 1 404-405
BABA, MEHER (Merwan Sheriar Irani; 1894-1969), Indian mystic 24 35-38
BABAR THE CONQUEROR (aka Zahirud-din Muhammad Babur; 1483-1530), Mogul emperor of India 1526-1530 1 405-407
BABBAGE, CHARLES (1791-1871), English inventor and mathematician 1 407-408
BABBITT, BRUCE EDWARD (born 1938), governor of Arizona (1978-1987) and United States secretary of the interior 1 408-410
BABBITT, IRVING (1865-1933), American critic and educator 22 36-37
BABBITT, MILTON (1916-2011), American composer 1 410
BABCOCK, STEPHEN MOULTON (1843-1931), American agricultural chemist 1 410-411
BABEL, ISAAC EMMANUELOVICH (1894-1941), Russian writer 1 411-412
Baber
see Babar the Conqueror
BABEUF, FRANÇOIS NOEL (“Caius Gracchus”; 1760-1797), French revolutionist and writer 1 412
BABINGTON, ANTHONY (1561-1586), English Catholic conspirator 29 27-29
Babrak Karmal
see Karmal, Babrak
Babur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammed
see Babar the Conqueror
Babylon (ancient city, Mesopotamia)
histories
Berossus 38 28-29
BACA-BARRAGÁN, POLLY (born 1943), Hispanic American politician 1 412-414
BACALL, LAUREN (1924-2014), American actress 29 29-31
BACH, CARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788), German composer 1 414-415
BACH, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1735-1782), German composer 1 415-416
BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685-1750), German composer and organist 1 416-419
BACHARACH, BURT (born 1928), American composer 22 38-39
BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS (1806-1867), American educator and scientist 1 420
Baciccio
see Gaulli, Giovanni Battista
Backstroke (swimming)
Kiefer, Adolph 38 180-182
BACKUS, ISAAC (1724-1806), American Baptist leader 1 420-421
BACON, SIR FRANCIS (1561-1626), English philosopher, statesman, and author 1 422-424
BACON, FRANCIS (1909-1992), English artist 1 421-422
BACON, NATHANIEL (1647-1676), American colonial leader 1 424-425
BACON, PEGGY (Margaret Francis Bacon; 1895-1987), American artist and author 25 29-31
BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-1294), English philosopher 1 425-427
Bacteriology (science)
medical
Escherich, Theodor 38 86-88
Bad Hand
see Fitzpatrick, Thomas
BAD HEART BULL, AMOS (1869-1913), Oglala Lakota Sioux tribal historian and artist 1 427-428
BADEN-POWELL, ROBERT (1857-1941), English military officer and founder of the Boy Scout Association 21 16-18
BADILLO, HERMAN (1929-2014), Puerto Rican-American politician 36 40-42
BADINGS, HENK (Hendrik Herman Badings; 1907-1987), Dutch composer 23 26-28
BADOGLIO, PIETRO (1871-1956), Italian general and statesman 1 428-429
BAECK, LEO (1873-1956), rabbi, teacher, hero of the concentration camps, and Jewish leader 1 429-430
BAEKELAND, LEO HENDRIK (1863-1944), American chemist 1 430-431
BAER, GEORGE FREDERICK (1842-1914), American businessman 22 39-41
BAER, KARL ERNST VON (1792-1876), Estonian anatomist and embryologist 1 431-432
BAEZ, BUENAVENTURA (1812-1884), Dominican statesman, five time president 1 432-433
BAEZ, JOAN (born 1941), American folk singer and human rights activist 1 433-435
BAFFIN, WILLIAM (c. 1584-1622), English navigator and explorer 1 435-436
BAGEHOT, WALTER (1826-1877), English economist 1 436-437
BAGLEY, WILLIAM CHANDLER (1874-1946), educator and theorist of educational “essentialism” 1 437-438
BAHÁ 'U'LLÁH (Husayn-'Ali', Bahá 'u'lláh Mírzá; 1817-1982), Iranian religious leader 28 21-23
BAHR, EGON (1922-2015), West German politician 1 438-440
BAIKIE, WILLIAM BALFOUR (1825-1864), Scottish explorer and scientist 1 440
BAILEY, F. LEE (born 1933), American defense attorney and author 1 441-443
BAILEY, FLORENCE MERRIAM (1863-1948), American ornithologist and author 1 443-444
BAILEY, GAMALIEL (1807-1859), American editor and politician 1 444-445
BAILEY, JAMES A. (1847-1906), American circus owner 30 26-28
BAILEY, MILDRED (Mildred Rinker, 1907-1951), American jazz singer 23 28-30
BAILEY, PEARL (1918-1990), American actress 36 42-44
BAILLIE, D(ONALD) M(ACPHERSON) (1887-1954), Scottish theologian 1 445
BAILLIE, ISOBEL (Isabella Baillie; 1895-1983), British singer 26 27-29
BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851), Scottish playwright and poet 28 23-25
BAILLIE, JOHN (1886-1960), Scottish theologian and ecumenical churchman 1 445-447
BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903), Scottish psychologist, philosopher, and educator 32 28-30
BAIRD, JOHN LOGIE (1888-1946), Scottish inventor and engineer 36 44-47
BAIUS, MICHAEL (1513-1589), Belgian theologian 29 31-33
BAKER, ELLA JOSEPHINE (1903-1986), African American human and civil rights activist 18 26-28
BAKER, GEORGE PIERCE (1866-1935), American educator 29 33-35
BAKER, HOBEY (1892-1918), American athlete 34 16-18
BAKER, HOWARD HENRY, JR. (1925-2014), U.S. senator and White House chief of staff 18 28-30
BAKER, JAMES ADDISON III (born 1930), Republican party campaign leader 1 447-448
BAKER, JOSEPHINE (1906-1975), Parisian dancer and singer from America 1 448-451
BAKER, MARY (Mary “Bonnie” Baker; 1919-2003), Canadian baseball player 37 25-27
BAKER, NEWTON DIEHL (1871-1937), American statesman 1 451
BAKER, RAY STANNARD (1870-1946), American author 1 451-452
BAKER, RUSSELL (born 1925), American writer of personal-political essays 1 452-454
BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893), English explorer and administrator 1 454-455
BAKER, SARA JOSEPHINE (1873-1945), American physician 1 455-456
BAKHTIN, MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1895-1975), Russian philosopher and literary critic 1 456-458
BAKSHI, RALPH (born 1938), American director 32 30-32
BAKST, LEON (1866-1924), Russian painter 29 35-37
Bakufu (shogun military government)
see Japan–1185-1867
BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH (1814-1876), Russian anarchist 1 458-460
BALAGUER Y RICARDO, JOAQUÍN (1907-2002), Dominican statesman 1 460-461
BALANCHINE, GEORGE (1904-1983), Russian-born American choreographer 1 461-462
Balanchivadze, Georgi Melitonovitch
see Balanchine, George
BALBO, ITALO (1896-1940), Italian air marshal 29 37-39
BALBOA, VASCO NÚÑEZ DE (c. 1475-1519), Spanish explorer 1 462-463
Balbulus, Notker
see Notker Balbulus
BALCH, EMILY GREENE (1867-1961), American pacifist and social reformer 1 463-464
BALDOMIR, ALFREDO (884-1948), Uruguayan president1938-1943 29 39-41
BALDWIN I (1058-1118), Norman king of Jerusalem 1100-1118 1 464-465
BALDWIN, JAMES ARTHUR (1924-1987), African American author, poet, and dramatist 1 465-466
BALDWIN, MARIE LOUISE BOTTINEAU (1863-1952), Native American student and mentor 37 27-29
BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804-1858), Canadian politician 1 466-468
BALDWIN, ROGER NASH (1884-1981), American civil libertarian and social worker 25 31-33
BALDWIN, STANLEY (1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley; 1867-1947), English statesman, three times prime minister 1 468-469
Baldwin of Bewdley, 1st Earl
see Baldwin, Stanley
Baldwin of Boulogne
see Baldwin I, king
BALENCIAGA, CRISTÓBAL (1895-1972), Spanish fashion designer 30 28-30
BALFOUR, ARTHUR JAMES (1st Earl of Balfour; 1848-1930), British statesman and philosopher 1 469-470
Bali (island)
see Indonesia
Baline, Israel
see Berlin, Irving
BALL, GEORGE (1909-1994), American politician and supporter of an economically united Europe 1 470-471
BALL, LUCILLE (Lucille Desiree Hunt; 1911-1989), American comedienne 1 472-473
BALLA, GIACOMO (1871-1958), Italian painter 1 473-474
BALLADUR, EDOUARD (born 1929), premier of the French Government 1 474-475
BALLANCE, JOHN (1839-1893), New Zealand journalist and statesman 29 42-44
BALLARD, J. G. (1930-2009), British author 30 30-32
BALLARD, LOUIS WAYNE (1913-2007), Native American musician 26 29-31
BALLARD, ROBERT (born 1942), American oceanographer 19 10-12
BALLESTEROS, SEVE (1957-2011), Spanish golfer 37 29-31
BALLIVIÁN, JOSÉ (1805-1852), Bolivian president 1841-1847 1 475
BALMACEDA FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ MANUEL (1840-1891), Chilean president 1886-1891 1 475-476
BALTHUS (Balthasar Klossowski; born 1908), European painter and stage designer 1 476-477
BALTIMORE, DAVID (born 1938), American virologist 1 477-478
BALZAC, HONORÉDE (1799-1850), French novelist 1 478-480
BAMBA, AMADOU (1850-1927), Senegalese religious leader 1 481-482
BAMBARA, TONI CADE (1939-1995), African American writer and editor 1 482-483
Bambi (film)
Wong, Tyrus 38 364-366
Bamewawagezhikaquay
see Schoolcraft, Jane Johnston
BAN KI-MOON (born 1944), South Korean diplomat 27 29-31
BAN ZHAO (Pan Chao, Ban Hui-ji, Cao Dagu; c. 45-51-c. 114-120), Chinese author and historian 24 38-40
BANCROFT, ANN (born 1955), American explorer 30 32-34
BANCROFT, ANNE (nee Anna Maria Louisa Italino; 1931-2005), American actress 26 31-33
BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800-1891), American historian and statesman 1 483-484
BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832-1918), American historian 1 484-485
BANCROFT, MARY (Mary Bancroft Badger; 1903-1997), American author and intelligence analyst 27 31-33
BANDA, HASTINGS KAMUZU (1905-1997), Malawi statesman 1 485-486
BANDARANAIKE, SIRIMAVO RATWATTE DIAS (1916-2000), first woman prime minister in the world as head of the Sri Lankan Freedom party government (1960-1965, 1970-1976) 1 486-488
Bandinelli, Orlando
see Alexander III, pope
BANERJEE, SURENDRANATH (1848-1925), Indian nationalist 1 488
Bangladesh (former East Pakistan)
Nasrin, Taslima 38 266-268
BANGS, LESTER (1948-1982), American journalist 32 32-34
BANKHEAD, TALLULAH (1902-1968), American actress 36 47-49
BANKS, DENNIS J. (born 1932), Native American leader, teacher, activist, and author 1 488-489
BANKS, ERNIE (1931-2015), American baseball player 36 49-51
BANKS, SIR JOSEPH (1743-1820), English naturalist 1 489-490
BANNEKER, BENJAMIN (1731-1806), AfricanAmericanmathematician 1 490-491
BANNISTER, EDWARD MITCHELL (1828-1901), African American landscape painter 1 491-493
BANNISTER, ROGER (born 1929), English runner 21 18-20
BANTING, FREDERICK GRANT (1891-1941), Canadian physiolgist 1 493-494
BAÑUELOS, ROMANA ACOSTA (born 1925), Mexican businesswoman and American government official 24 40-42
BANZER SUÁREZ, HUGO (1926-2002), Bolivian president (1971-1979) 1 494-496
BAO DAI (1913-1997), emperor of Vietnam 1932-1945 and 1949-1955 1 496-497
BAR KOCHBA, SIMEON (died 135), Jewish commander of revolt against Romans 2 5
BAR SAUMA (c. 1225-1294), Chinese Christian monk 37 313-315
BARAGA, FREDERIC (Irenej Frederic Baraga; 1797-1868), Austrian missionary and linguist 27 33-35
BARAK, EHUD (born 1942), Israeli prime minister 1 497-498
BARAKA, IMAMU AMIRI (Everett LeRoi Jones; 1934-2014), African American poet and playwright 1 498-499
BARANKITSE, MARGUERITE (born 1957), Burundian humanitarian 36 51-53
BARANOV, ALEKSANDR ANDREIEVICH (1747-1819), Russian explorer 1 499-500
BARBARA, AGATHA (1923-2002), Maltese politician 27 36-38
BARBARO, FRANCESCO (1390-1454), Italian diplomat and author 31 18-19
Barbarossa, Frederick
see Frederick I, (1657-1713)
BARBAULD, ANNA (MRS.) (nee Anna Laetitia Aiken; 1743-1825), British author 27 38-40
BARBEAU, MARIUS (1883-1969), Canadian ethnographer, anthropologist, and author 24 42-44
BARBER, RED (Walter Lanier Barber; 1908-1992), American broadcaster 31 20-21
BARBER, SAMUEL (1910-1981), American composer 1 500-501
Barbera, Joseph
see Hanna and Barbera
Barberini, Maffeo
see Urban VIII
BARBIE, KLAUS (Klaus Altmann; 1913-1991), Nazi leader in Vichy France 1 501-503
Barbieri, Giovanni Francesco
see Guercino
BARBIROLLI, JOHN (Giovanni Battista Barbirolli; 1899-1970), British conductor 24 44-46
Barbo, Pietro
see Paul II, pope
BARBONCITO (1820-1871), Native American leader of the Navajos 20 25-27
BARBOSA, RUY (1849-1923), Brazilian journalist and politician 1 503-504
BARCLAY, EDWIN (1882-1955), Liberian statesman, twice president 29 44-45
BARCLAY, MCCLELLAND (1891-1943), American artist 33 17-19
BARDEEN, JOHN (1908-1991), American Nobel physicist 2 1-3
Bardi, Donato di Niccolò
see Donatello
BARDOT, BRIGITTE (born 1934), French actress and activist 36 53-55
BARENBOIM, DANIEL (born 1942), Israeli pianist and conductor 2 3-4
BARENTS, WILLEM (died 1597), Dutch navigator and explorer 2 4-5
BARET, JEANNE (1740-1807), French explorer 37 31-33
Baring, Evelyn
see Cromer, 1st Earl of
BARING, FRANCIS (1740-1810), English banker 21 20-22
BARKLA, CHARLES GLOVER (1877-1944), English physicist 29 46-48
BARLACH, ERNST (1870-1938), German sculptor 2 5-6
BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812), American poet 2 6-7
BARNARD, CHRISTIAAN N. (1922-2001), South African heart transplant surgeon 2 7-8
BARNARD, EDWARD EMERSON (1857-1923), American astronomer 2 8-9
BARNARD, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER (1809-1889), American educator and mathematician 2 9-10
BARNARD, HENRY (1811-1900), American educator 2 10
BARNES, DJUNA (Lydia Steptoe; 1892-1982), American author 2 11-13
BARNETT, ETTA MOTEN (1901-2004), African American actress and singer 25 34-36
BARNETT, MARGUERITE ROSS (1942-1992), American educator 21 22-24
BARNEY, NATALIE CLIFFORD (1876-1972), American writer 33 19-21
BARNUM, PHINEAS TAYLOR (1810-1891), American showman 2 13-15
General Tom Thumb 38 110-112
Barocchio, Giacomo
see Vignola, Giacomo da
BAROJA Y NESSI, PÍO (1872-1956), Spanish novelist 2 15-16
BARON, SALO WITTMAYER (1895-1989), Austrian-American educator and Jewish historian 2 16-17
BARONESS ORCZY (Emma Magdalena Rosalia Maria Josefa Orczy; 1865-1947), Hungarian-British author 28 25-27
Barozzi, Giacomo
see Vignola, Giacomo da
BARRAGÁN, LUIS (1902-1988), Mexican architect and landscape architect 2 17-19
BARRAS, VICOMTE DE (Paul François Jean Nicolas; 1755-1829), French statesman and revolutionist 2 19
BARRE, RAYMOND (1924-1981), prime minister of France (1976-1981) 2 19-20
BARRÈ-SINOUSSI, FRANçOISE (born 1947), French scientist 34 18-20
BARRÈS, AUGUSTEMAURICE (1862-1923), French writer and politician 2 20-21
Barrett, Elizabeth
see Browning, Elizabeth Barrett
BARRIE, SIR JAMES MATTHEW (1860-1937), British dramatist and novelist 2 21-22
BARRIENTOS ORTUÑO, RENÈ (1919-1969), populist Bolivian president (1966-1969) 2 22-23
BARRIOS, AGUSTIN PÌO (1885-1944), Paraguayan musician and composer 28 27-29
BARRIOS, JUSTO RUFINO (1835-1885), Guatemalan general, president 1873-1885 2 23-24
Barristers
see Jurists, English
Barrow, Joe Louis
see Louis, Joe
BARROWS, ISABEL CHAPIN (1845-1913), American missionary, stenographer, and physician 30 34-36
BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658-1713), English actress 30 36-38
BARRY, JAMES (Miranda Stuart Barry; 1795-1865), First British female physician 27 40-41
BARRY, JOHN (1745-1803), American naval officer 2 24-25
BARRY, JOHN (1933-2011), British film music composer 33 21-23
BARRY, MARION SHEPILOV, JR. (1936-2014), African American mayor and civil rights activist 2 25-28
BARRY, PHILIP (Philip James Quinn Barry; 1896-1949), American playwright 31 22-23
BARRYMORES, American theatrical dynasty 2 28-30
BARTALI, GINO (1914-2000), Italian cyclist 37 33-36
BARTH, HEINRICH (1821-1865), German explorer 2 30-31
BARTH, KARL (1886-1968), Swiss Protestant theologian 2 31-32
BARTHÉ, RICHMOND (1901-1989), African American sculptor 2 33-34
BARTHES, ROLAND (1915-1980), French literary critic and essayist 36 55-57
BARTHOLDI, FRÉDÉRIC-AUGUSTE (1834-1904), French sculptor 28 29-31
BARTHOLIN, THOMAS (1616-1680), Danish scientist 34 21-23
BARTHOLOMAEUS ANGLICUS (Bartholomew the Englishman; Bartholomew de Glanville; flourished 1220-1240), English theologian and encyclopedist 21 24-25
BARTIK, JEAN (1924-2011), American computer programmer 32 34-36
BARTLETT, SIR FREDERIC CHARLES (1886-1969), British psychologist 2 34-35
BARTÓK, BÉLA (1881-1945), Hungarian composer and pianist 2 35-36
BARTON, BRUCE (1886-1967), American advertising business executive and congressman 2 36-37
BARTON, CLARA (1821-1912), American humanitarian 2 37-39
BARTON, SIR EDMUND (1849-1920), Australian statesman and jurist 2 39-40
BARTRAM, JOHN (1699-1777), American botanist 2 40-41
BARTRAM, WILLIAM (1739-1823), American naturalist 2 41-42
BARUCH, BERNARD MANNES (1870-1965), American statesman and financier 2 42-43
BARYSHNIKOV, MIKHAIL (born 1948), ballet dancer 2 43-44
BARZIZZA, GASPARINO (1360-c. 1430), Italian humanist 30 38-40
BARZUN, JACQUES (1907-2012), American writer 30 40-42
BASCOM, FLORENCE (1862-1945), American geologist 22 42-43
Baseball players
see Athletes
BASEDOW, JOHANN BERNHARD (1724-1790), German educator and reformer 2 44-45
BASHO, MATSUO (1644-1694), Japanese poet 2 45-48
BASIE, COUNT (WilliamBasie; 1904-1984), pianist and jazz band leader 2 48-49
BASIL I (c. 812-886), Byzantine emperor 867-886 2 49-50
BASIL II (c. 958-1025), Byzantine emperor 963-1025 2 50-51
BASIL THE GREAT, ST. (329-379), theologian and bishop of Caesarea 2 51-52
Basil the Macedonian
see Basil I
Basketball players
see Athletes, American
BASKIN, LEONARD (1922-2000), American artist and publisher 22 43-46
BASS, SAUL (1920-1996), American designer of film advertising 21 25-27
BASSANI, GIORGIO (1916-2000), Italian author 30 42-44
BASSI, LAURA (1711-1778), Italian physicist 20 27-29
Bassianus
see Caracalla
BASTIAN, ADOLF (1826-1905), German ethnologist 30 44-46
BATES, DAISY MAE (née O'Dwyer; 1861-1951), Irish-born Australian social worker 2 52-53
BATES, HENRY WALTER (1825-1892), English explorer and naturalist 2 53-54
BATES, KATHARINE LEE (1859-1929), American poet and educator 2 54-55
BATESON, WILLIAM (1861-1926), English biologist concernedwith evolution 2 55-57
BATISTA Y ZALDÍVAR, FULGENCIO (1901-1973), Cuban political and military leader 2 57-58
Castro, Raúl 38 49-51
BATLLE Y ORDÓÑEZ, JOSÉ (1856-1929), Uruguayan statesman and journalist 2 58-59
BATTEN, JEAN (1909-1982), New Zealander aviatrix 26 33-35
BATTIFERRI, LAURA (1523-1589), Italian poet 35 32-34
BATTLE, KATHLEEN (born 1948), American opera and concert singer 2 59-60
BATU KHAN (died 1255), Mongol leader 2 60-61
BAUDELAIRE, CHARLES PIERRE (1821-1867), French poet and art critic 2 61-63
BAUDOT, ANATOLE DE (1834-1915), French architect 35 34-36
BAUDRILLARD, JEAN (1929-2007), French philosopher and sociologist 36 57-60
BAUER, BRUNO (1809-1882), German philosopher 35 36-38
BAUER, EDDIE (1899-1986), American businessman 19 13-14
BAUER, FRITZ (1903-1968), German jurist 38 17-19
Bauer, Georg
see Agricola, Georgius
BAUER, OTTO (1881-1938), Austrian politician 36 60-62
BAULIEU, ÉTIENNE-ÉMILE (Étienne Blum; born 1926), French physician and biochemist who developed RU 486 2 63-66
BAUM, ELEANOR (born 1940), American engineer 30 47-48
BAUM, HERBERT (1912-1942), German human/civil rights activist 2 66-73
BAUM, L. FRANK (1856-1919), author of the Wizard of Oz books 2 73-74
BAUMAN, ZYGMUNT (1925-2017), Polish-born British sociologist and social theorist 38 19-21
Baumfree, Isabella
see Truth, Sojourner
BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860), German theologian 2 74-75
BAUSCH, PINA (1940-2009), German dancer/choreographer 2 75-76
BAWDEN, NINA (1925-2012), British author 34 23-25
BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691), English theologian 2 76-77
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)
Hunt, E. Howard 38 154-157
BAYEZID I (Sultan of the Turks; 1354-1403), Turkish prince and warrior 35 38-40
BAYLE, PIERRE (1647-1706), French philosopher 2 77-78
Bayley, Elizabeth
see Seton, Elizabeth Ann Bayley
BAYNTON, BARBARA (1857-1929), Australian author 22 46-48
BAZAINE, ACHILLE FRANçOIS (1811-1888), marshal of France 35 40-43
BAZIN, ANDRÉ (1918-1958), French film critic 28 32-33
BEA, AUGUSTINUS (1881-1968), German cardinal 2 79
BEACH, AMY (born Amy Marcy Cheney; 1867-1944), Americanmusician 23 30-32
BEACH, MOSES YALE (1800-1868), American inventor and newspaperman 2 79-80
Beaconsfield, Earl of
see Disraeli, Benjamin
BEADLE, GEORGE WELLS (1903-1989), American scientist, educator, and administrator 2 80-81
BEAH, ISHMAEL (born 1980), Sierra Leonean memoirist 36 62-64
BEALE, DOROTHEA (1831-1906), British educator 2 81-83
BEAN, ALAN (born 1932), American astronaut and artist 22 48-50
BEAN, LEON LEONWOOD (L.L. Bean; 1872-1967), American businessman 19 14-16
Bear (animal) Böttcher, Ursula 38 35-37
BEARD, CHARLES AUSTIN (1874-1948), American historian 2 84
BEARD, MARY RITTER (1876-1958), American author and activist 2 85-86
BEARDEN, ROMARE HOWARD (1914-1988), African American paintercollagist 2 86-88
BEARDSLEY, AUBREY VINCENT (1872-1898), English illustrator 2 88-89
BEATLES, THE (1957-1971), British rock and roll band 2 89-92
BEATRIX, WILHELMINA VON AMSBERG, QUEEN (born 1938), queen of Netherlands (1980-) 2 92-93
BEAUCHAMPS, PIERRE (1636-1705), French dancer and choreographer 21 27-29
BEAUFORT, FRANCIS (1774-1857), Irish naval officer and meteorologist 33 23-25
BEAUFORT, MARGARET (1443-1509), queen dowager of England 20 29-31
Beauharnais, Josephine de
see Josephine
BEAUJOYEULX, BALTHASAR DE (Balthasar de Beaujoyeux; Baldassare de Belgiojoso; 1535-1587), Italian choreographer and composer 21 29-30
BEAUMARCHAIS, PIERRE AUGUST CARON DE (1732-1799), French playwright 2 93-94
BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (1584/1585-1616), English playwright 2 95
BEAUMONT, WILLIAM (1785-1853), American surgeon 2 95-96
BEAUREGARD, PIERRE GUSTAVE TOUTANT (1818-1893), Confederate general 2 96-97
Beaverbrook, Lord
see Aitken, William Maxwell
BEBEL, FERDINAND AUGUST (1840-1913), German socialist writer 36 64-67
BEBEY, FRANCIS (1929-2001), Cameroonian musician 32 36-38
BECARRIA, MARCHESE DI (1738-1794), Italian jurist and economist 2 97-98
BECHET, SIDNEY (1897-1959), American jazz musician 22 50-52
BECHTEL, STEPHEN DAVISON (1900-1989), American construction engineer and business executive 2 98-99
BECK, JEFF (born 1944), British guitarist 36 67-69
BECK, JÓZEF (1894-1944), Polish statesman 29 48-50
BECK, LUDWIG AUGUST THEODER (1880-1944), German general 2 99-100
BECKENBAUER, FRANZ (born 1945), German soccer player and coach 35 43-45
BECKER, CARL LOTUS (1873-1945), American historian 2 100-101
BECKET, ST. THOMAS (c. 1128-1170), English prelate 2 101-102
BECKETT, SAMUEL (1906-1989), Irish novelist, playwright, and poet 2 102-104
BECKHAM, DAVID (David Robert Joseph Beckham; born 1975), British soccer player 26 36-38
BECKMANN, MAX (1884-1950), German painter 2 104-105
BECKNELL, WILLIAM (c. 1797-1865), American soldier and politician 2 105-106
BECKWOURTH, JIM (James P. Beckwourth; c. 1800-1866), African American fur trapper and explorer 2 106-107
BÉCQUER, GUSTAVO ADOLFO DOMINGUEZ (1836-1870), Spanish lyric poet 2 107-108
BECQUEREL, ALEXANDRE-EDMOND (1820-1891), French physicist 35 45-47
BECQUEREL, ANTOINE HENRI (1852-1908), French physicist 2 108-109
BEDE, ST. (672/673-735), English theologian 2 109-110
BEDELL SMITH, WALTER (1895-1961), U.S. Army general, ambassador, and CIA director 18 30-33
BEEBE, WILLIAM (1877-1962), American naturalist, oceanographer, and ornithologist 22 52-54
BEECHAM, THOMAS (1879-1961), English conductor 24 46-48
BEECHER, CATHARINE (1800-1878), American author and educator 2 110-112
BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887), American Congregationalist clergyman 2 112-113
BEECHER, LYMAN (1775-1863), Presbyterian clergyman 2 113
Beer, Jakob Liebmann
see Meyerbeer, Giacomo
BEERBOHM, MAX (Henry Maximilian Beerbohm; 1872-1956), English author and critic 19 16-18
BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN (1770-1827), German composer 2 114-117
Beethoven of America
see Heinrich, Anthony Philip
BEETON, ISABELLA MARY (Isabella Mary Mayson; Mrs. Beeton; 1836-1865), English author 28 34-36
BEGAY, HARRISON (1917-2012), Native American artist 2 117-118
BEGAY, NOTAH RYAN, III (born 1972), Native American golfer 36 69-71
BEGIN, MENACHEM (1913-1992), Israel's first non-Socialist prime minister (1977-1983) 2 118-120
BEHAIM, MARTIN (Martinus de Bohemia; c. 1459-1507), German cartographer 21 30-32
Behmen, Jacob
see Boehme, Jacob
BEHN, APHRA (c. 1640-1689), English author 18 33-34
BEHRENS, HILDEGARD (1937-2009), German soprano 2 120-121
BEHRENS, PETER (1868-1940), German architect, painter, and designer 2 121-122
BEHRING, EMIL ADOLPH VON (1854-1917), German hygienist and physician 2 122-123
BEHZAD (died c. 1530), Persian painter 2 123
BEILIS, MENAHEM MENDEL (1874-1934), Ukranian factory manager 35 47-49
BEISSEL, JOHANN CONRAD (1690-1768), German-American pietist 2 123-124
BÉJART, MAURICE (1927-2007), French choreographer 36 71-74
BELAFONTE, HARRY (Harold George Belafonte, Jr.; born 1927), African American singer and actor 20 31-32
BELASCO, DAVID (1853-1931), American playwright and director-producer 2 124-125
BELAÚNDE TERRY, FERNANDO (1912-2002), president of Peru (1963-1968, 1980-1985) 2 125-126
BELGIOJOSO, CRISTINA TRIVULZIO (1808-1871), Italian aristocrat and writer 34 25-27
BELGRANO, MANUEL (1770-1820), Argentine general and politician 2 126-127
BELINSKY, GRIGORIEVICH (1811-1848), Russian literary critic 2 128
BELISARIUS (c. 506-565), Byzantine general 2 128-129
BÉLIVEAU, JEAN (1931-2014), Canadian hockey player 37 36-38
Bell, Acton
see Brontë, Anne
BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM (1847-1922), Scottish-born American inventor 2 129-131
BELL, ANDREW (1753-1832), Scottish educator 2 131-132
Bell, Currer
see Brontë, Charlotte
BELL, DANIEL (born Daniel Bolotsky; 1919-2011), American sociologist 2 132-133
BELL, DERRICK (1930-2011), American legal scholar 36 74-76
Bell, Ellis
see Brontë, Emily
BELL, GERTRUDE (1868-1926), British archaeologist, traveler, and advisor on the Middle East 22 54-55
BELL, GLEN (1923-2010), American restaurateur 31 24-25
BELL, VANESSA (Vanessa Stephen; 1879-1961), British painter 25 36-38
BELL BURNELL, SUSAN JOCELYN (born 1943), English radio astronomer 2 133-134
BELLAMY, CAROL (born 1942), American activist and political servant 25 38-40
BELLAMY, EDWARD (1850-1898), American novelist, propagandist, and reformer 2 134-135
BELLÁN, ESTEBAN (1849-1932), Cuban baseball player 32 38-40
BELLARMINE, ST. ROBERT (1542-1621), Italian theologian and cardinal 2 135-136
Bellay, Joachim du
see Du Bellay, Joachim
BELLECOURT, CLYDE (born 1939), Native American activist 2 136-137
BELLI, GIACONDA (born 1948), Nicaraguan author and activist 24 48-50
BELLINI, GIOVANNI (c. 1435-1516), Itlaian painter 2 137-138
BELLINI, JACOPO (c. 1400-c. 1470), Italian painter 35 49-51
BELLINI, VINCENZO (1801-1835), Italian composer 2 138-139
BELLMAN, CARL MICHAEL (1740-1794), Swedish poet and musician 25 40-42
BELLO, ALHAJI SIR AHMADU (1909-1966), Nigerian politician 2 139-140
BELLO Y LÓPEZ, ANDRÉS (1781-1865), Venezuelan humanist 2 140-141
BELLOC, JOSEPH HILAIRE PIERRE (1870-1953), French-born English author and historian 2 141
BELLOC LOWNDES, MARIE ADELAIDE (1868-1947), English novelist 30 49-51
BELLORI, GIOVANNI PIETRO (1615-1696), Italian art historian 36 76-78
BELLOW, SAUL (1915-2005), American novelist and Nobel Prizewinner 2 141-143
BELLOWS, GEORGE WESLEY (1882-1925), American painter 2 143
BELLOWS, HENRY WHITNEY (1814-1882), American Unitarian minister 2 143-144
BELMONT, AUGUST (1816-1890), German-American banker, diplomat, and horse racer 22 56-57
Belmont Stakes (horse racing) Pincay, Laffit, Jr. 38 290-293
BELO, CARLOS FELIPE XIMENES (born 1948), East Timorese activist 25 42-44
Beltov
see Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich
BELTRAMI, EUGENIO (1835-1900), Italian mathematician 36 78-79
BELY, ANDREY (1880-1934), Russian poet 35 51-53
BELYAEV, DMITRY K. (1917-1985), Russian geneticist 38 21-23
BELZONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1778-1823), Italian archaeologist 37 38-40
BEMBERG, MARIA LUISA (1922-1995), Argentine filmmaker 25 44-46
BEMBO, PIETRO (1470-1547), Italian humanist, poet, and historian 2 144-145
BEMELMANS, LUDWIG (1898-1962), Austria-Hungary-born American writer and illustrator 38 23-26
BEMIS, POLLY (Lalu Nathoy; 1853-1933), Chinese American pioneer and businesswoman 25 46-47
BEN AND JERRY, ice cream company founders 18 35-37
BEN BADIS, ABD AL-HAMID (1889-1940), leader of the Islamic Reform Movement in Algeria between the two world wars 2 147-148
BEN BELLA, AHMED (1918-2012), first president of the Algerian Republic 2 148-149
BEN-GURION, DAVID (1886-1973), Russian-born Israeli statesman 2 160-161
BEN-HAIM, PAUL (Frankenburger; 1897-1984), Israeli composer 2 161-162
Ben-Hur (film and novel)
Heston, Charlton 38 134-136
BEN YEHUDA, ELIEZER (1858-1922), Hebrew lexicographer and editor 2 181-182
BEN-ZVI, YITZHAK (1884-1963), Israeli president 1952-1963 35 53-55
BENACERRAF, BARUJ (1920-2011), American medical researcher 27 42-44
BENALCÁZAR, SEBASTIÁN DE (died 1551), Spanish conquistador 2 145-146
BENAVENTE Y MARTINEZ, JACINTO (1866-1954), Spanish dramatist 2 146-147
BENCHLEY, ROBERT (1889-1945), American humorist 2 150-151
BENDA, JULIEN (1867-1956), French cultural critic and novelist 2 151-152
BENDIX, VINCENT (1881-1945), American inventor, engineer, and industrialist 19 18-20
BENDJEDID, CHADLI (1929-2012), president of the Algerian Republic (1979-92) 34 27-30
BENEDICT XIV (Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini; 1675-1758), pope, 1740-1758 23 32-35
BENEDICT XV (Giacomo della Chiesa; 1854-1922), pope, 1914-1922 2 153-154
BENEDICT XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger; born 1927), Roman Catholic pope (2005-2013) 26 295-297
BENEDICT, RUTH FULTON (1887-1948), American cultural anthropologist 2 154-155
BENEDICT, ST. (c. 480-547), Italian founder of the Benedictines 2 154-155
Benedict of Nursia, St.
see Benedict, St.
BENEŠ, EDWARD (1884-1948), Czechoslovak president 1935-1938 and 1940-1948 2 155-157